Kaplan Higher Education Essay

1) You have been asked to design a LAN with operation over a distance of about 100m. Compare and contrast twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, fiber-optics, and wireless for this application. You should create a table or flow chart which would facilitate choosing between these options depending on circumstances. The table or flow chart should be submitted as part of your document. You may not submit a separate file Unshielded twisted pair Fiber optic Coaxial cable Medium Length Baseband: 10/100/1000mbps (CAT 3/5/5e/6) EMI Wavelength (nm): 850/1300 RG Type RG58BU/CU RG59/BU Protection: Shielded/Unshielded Max. Attn.(dB/Km): 3.0/0.9 Conductor Type TC CCS Maximum Segment Length(Thicknet) 500m Min. Bandwidth (Mhz*Km): 200/500 Sheath PVC Cost: Relatively inexpensive Velocity Ratio 666 Toxicity: Plenum/Non Plenum 2) Rank the following five media examples in order from highest data transmission speed to lowest data transmission speed: twisted pair, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, microwave, and satellite. 3) a) Satellite b) Fiber Optic c) Coaxial cable d) Microwave e) Twisted pair 4) An entrepreneur is interested in establishing her own world-wide satellite radio infrastructure and has requested your help. Describe and justify the infrastructure that you would develop. Be sure to include the number of satellites needed, the orbits employed for those satellites, and the type and frequency of transmission utilized. a) She will need a multiplexed Earth station satellite system. The ground station accepts input from multiple sources and in some fashion interweaves the data streams, either by assigning different frequencies to different signals or by allowing different signals to take turns transmitting. With frequencies about 2-4 GHz 5) A typical signal sequence in a synchronous connection contains a significant amount of information in addition to just the intended message or data. Identify each of the blocks commonly employed and utilize an analogy to sending a physical package to explain what each block does. a) An analogy of this type of connection would be the transmission of a large text document. Before the document is transferred across the synchronous line, it is first broken into blocks of sentences or paragraphs. The blocks are then sent over the communication link to the remote site. With other  transmission modes, the text is organized into long strings of letters (or characters) that make up the words within the sentences and paragraphs. These characters are sent over the communication link one at a time and reassembled at the remote location. 6) For the network that you have chosen to characterize for this class, identify the primary types of media employed. Be sure to include both how the computers individually connect into the network devices as well as how network devices interconnect and how the connection to the Internet is achieved. Briefly explain the purpose in the network of each type of media employed and identify at least one alternative media which could also fulfill this purpose. a) The network that I have chosen for this class is a Peer to peer network. I will have four computers, one printer/copy/fax machine, and they will be connected with an Ethernet cord and through a local area network. This network is designed for a small business office. References Newman, C. (2014, January 10). Help – AIX 7.1 Information Center. Help – AIX 7.1 Information Center. Retrieved , from http://publib.boulder.ibm.com/infocenter/aix/v7r1/index.jsp?topic=%2Fcom.ibm.aix.commadmn%2Fdoc%2Fcommadmndita%2Fasynch_synch.htm synchronous. (2014, March 9). Merriam-Webster. Retrieved , from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/synchronous Synchronous and Asynchronous Communication Tools – Articles – Resources – ASAE. (n.d.). Synchronous and Asynchronous Communication Tools – Articles – Resources – ASAE. Retrieved , from http://www.asaecenter.org/Resources/articledetail.cfm?itemnumber=13572

Criticisms of IMF

â€Å"The fund believes it is fulfilling the tasks assigned to it: promoting global stability, helping developing countries in transition achieve not only stability but also growth. † â€Å"I believe, however, that it has failed in its mission, that the failures are not just accidental but the consequences of how it has understood its mission. † This is what Stiglitz states in his book, and is also his platform on how he feels about the International Monetary Fund. He believes that the IMF has a narrow view stating that â€Å"what the financial community views as good for the global economy is good for the global economy and should be done†.Stiglitz criticizes that the IMF has done great damage to the countries wherein they prescribe economic policies that must be followed in order to qualify for an IMF loan, or for loans from banks and other private-sector lenders that look to the IMF to indicate whether a borrower is creditworthy. Stiglitz argues that the Inter national Monetary Fund and its officials have ignored the ramifications of having incomplete information, inadequate markets, and unworkable situations, all of which are particularly present characteristics of newly developing countries.Stiglitz states that the International Monetary Fund called for policies that conform to logical textbook economics, however, they do not make sense to the country that the policies are going towards to provide relief. â€Å"Stiglitz seeks to show that the consequences of these misguided policies have been disastrous, not just according to abstract statistical measures but in real human suffering, in the countries that have followed the. † (Stiglitz, 2003).The most traditional and perhaps best-known IMF policy recommendation is for a country to cut government spending or raise taxes. Either one of these actions, or both would be used to balance a country’s budget and eliminate the need for government borrowing. Most people believe that a lot of government spending is wasteful anyway. Stiglitz accuses the IMF for reverting to Herbert Hoover's economics in imposing these policies on countries during deep recessions.The deficit, at this time, is mostly the result of a stimulated decline in revenues. Stiglitz argues that cuts in spending or tax hikes only make the downturn worse. He also emphasizes the social cost of cutting back on various kinds of government programs, such as eliminating food subsidies for the poor, which Indonesia did at the IMF's request in 1998, only to be engulfed by food riots. Another standard IMF recommendation is high interest rates, which make deposits and other assets denominated in the currency more attractive to hold.Most countries go to the IMF because they find themselves having trouble maintaining the exchange value of their currencies. Stiglitz argues that the high interest rates imposed on many countries by the IMF have made their economic downward spirals even worse. Countries are intended to battle inflation that was not a serious problem to begin with. â€Å"Stiglitz repeatedly claims that the IMF's policies stem not from economic analysis and observation but from ideology—specifically, an ideological commitment to free markets and a concomitant antipathy to government.† In part, Stiglitz complaint is that the International Monetary Fund did not understand or even try to understand, his and other economists' theoretical work depicting that markets that are pretty much unregulated do not necessarily deliver positive results when information or market structures are incomplete (Stiglitz, 2003). A country that currently has loans from the International Monetary Fund is the country of Venezuela. Venezuela first negotiated an economic program with the International Monetary Fund in the year of 1989. In the mid 1970s, oil prices soared and seemed unstoppable.Venezuela is a country very rich in oil, so at this time, they accumulated a lot of money fr om oil revenues, but also from loans from international banks. The government then used this money to expand state-owned industries, however, the government ended up supporting the least efficient enterprises, which came to rely on government credits and direct subsidies. Government investments were fruitless from 1974 – 1989. As government expenses continued to increase, the gross domestic product grew very little as a ratio of the government expenditures.The excess amount of money supply, created by government spending, raised the price index by a factor of 15, interest rates 3. 7 times and the devaluation of the national currency by a factor of 10, all happening during the same period. In addition to all of this, Venezuela’s foreign debt increased to a record level of $33 billion and their payments could not be honored. Venezuela undertook negotiations with the IMF when they were under all of this pressure from the decreasing oil prices and the rapidly rising intere st rates on their immense foreign debt.They had tried to borrow money to finance some of their debt; however, the international markets had been apprehensive for Venezuela had refused to work with the IMF. Venezuela had first turned to American banks for proposed financing because it did not want to agree with an economic program with the International Monetary Fund. The International Monetary Fund cleared a loan of about $453 million to the country of Venezuela. Officials declared the loan as a first installment of what is expected to be a credit package that may total as much as $4.6 billion from the international agency to support Venezuela’s economic reform program over the next three years. They believe that Venezuela’s economic adjustment program should â€Å"encourage a substantial reflow of private capital† to the South American country. The planned economic reforms were aimed at freeing and unifying Venezuela’s foreign exchange rates, deregulatin g interest rates and opening the country’s economy to foreign trade by removing quotas and tariffs. The austerity program is the price that Venezuela had to pay for the aid in financing from the IMF.Domestic interest rates were allowed to rise substantially and the government had cut several important subsidies as part of a proposed economic program with the IMF. Since Venezuela agreed on an economic program with the IMF, commercial bankers seem a lot more ready to compromise with them. The IMF reform program included many policies. As a result â€Å"The per capita gross domestic product fell almost 8% from 1989 to 1993; the inflation index rose almost 10 fold; the outstanding foreign debt increased by $5 billion and the banking crisis that burst out in 1994 erased 10% of the GNP and $6 billion of the country’s international reserves.† What the Venezuelan government basically did was sign an agreement that led to a transfer of money from private sectors to the à ¢â‚¬Å"pockets of the wasteful government†. The government attempted to balance its accounts through its citizens, by increasing the taxes and increasing the interest rates. Little attention was given to increasing the productive capacity of the nation, but was all focused on the fiscal demands of the state. In recent years, Venezuela's economy has gone from bad to worse. Its deterioration corresponded with the implementation of policies recommended by the International Monetary Fund.Venezuela has gone through two IMF aid packages beginning in 1989. Since the implementation of the most recent package in 1996, Venezuela’s interest rates have more than doubled to 68 percent annually. The national currency, the Bolivar, has been devalued by 94 percent, accumulated inflation has reached 218 percent and production output has stalled. Capital flight has exhausted more than $2 billion from Venezuela’s international reserves, which are much lower now, than they were befor e the International Monetary Fund package was signed.The fiscal deficit has been declared unmanageable and Venezuela’s stock market is down more than 50 percent. This downward spiral was the result of the tax increases, devaluation, few privatizations and public service rate hikes in the 1996 IMF package. The repeated devaluations have increased costs to the private sector and ignited inflation. The IMF also allowed the government to delay reforms of ineffectual state hospitals and public schools. In the case of the country of Venezuela, Stiglitz’s criticisms of the IMF do apply.The IMF’s policies do not take into account the economic and social circumstances that currently exist in the country where it is applied to. As per usual, the International Monetary Fund used its traditional methods on Venezuela. Increase taxes, and have higher interest rates. The positive effects of any loan obtained from the IMF or other financial institutes are useless because of the collection of interest and the rising interest rates. For developing countries such as Venezuela, the benefits from an agreement with the IMF cannot be seen for the large burden of clearing away their large foreign debt blocks their view.The IMF did not take into consideration the social implications that would be caused when such harsh adjustment measures are put into operation. The poor are always the most affected. Their frustration was seen in Venezuela, as outbreaks of violence. The Venezuelan currency kept being devalued constantly therefore workers had to pay more for their essential needs, as their wages began to decline. The unemployment rate would then rise and that is why it is no surprise to why the people of Venezuela turned to violence. When bitterness and despair take hold, sometimes violence may be the only way to be heard.It becomes imperative in times like this to have concrete negotiations on a debt plan to achieve a substantial reduction in debt and in interest payments. While losing many of its systemic functions, the Fund’s operations during the 1980s became dominated by dealing with the debt difficulties faced by a relatively small group of highly indebted developing countries. All the Fund’s lending was to developing countries, and the majority of it was to the highly indebted countries, even though the majority of programmes remained with low-income countries.The Fund frequently became depicted as a development agency offering concessional assistance to developing countries. Even some of its staff bemoaned what they saw as the loss of its monetary characteristics and consequently much of its financial reputation (Finch, 1988). The least subtle criticisms of this type tended to use the phrase ‘development agency’ almost as a term of abuse. What the Fund was doing was perceived as being bad in and of itself. The more subtle criticism was that the Fund had largely been pushed by political pressure into lowering its own financial standards.The criticism here was not so much that development assistance is inappropriate, but rather that the IMF is an inappropriate institution through which to give it. This argument sees it as important to retain the revolving character of Fund resources, as well as the Fund’s short-term monetary perspective—features, so it is claimed, that will be lost if the Fund is forced to lend over the long term on the basis of unviable programmes and unachievable targets. The plea has been strongly articulated to ‘let the IMF be the IMF’ (Finch, 1988).An extension of this argument is that unsuccessful programmes will damage the reputation and credibility of the Fund and adversely affect its catalytic role. The claim that financial standards have been sacrificed is intimately related to the debt crisis. In essence, it is that the governments of countries where the private banks are located, and in particular the United States, encouraged the F und to lend to the highly indebted countries in order to reduce the probability of default. In the early years of the debt crisis, the argument could be made that such action was sustaining the stability of the international banking system.But as the banks themselves adjusted to the crisis by reducing their exposure, strengthening their capital adequacy, provisioning, and expanding other lines of business, this systemic argument for lending by the IMF disappeared. Even critics who approach the issue from a rather different angle, having more in common with the ‘traditional’ criticisms of Fund conditionality, have concluded that the main beneficiaries of Fund lending to highly indebted developing countries during the 1980s were the international banks.Simply put, the claim is that it was positive net transfers from the Fund that financed negative net transfers with the banks. This is a claim that is at least superficially consistent with the evidence at aggregate level, but it is not an interpretation that finds ready acceptance—publicly at least—inside the Fund, where the accusation that it had bailed out the banks has been, often staunchly, rejected. Yet the criticism that the Fund failed in its dealings with the highly indebted countries during the 1980s has more dimensions to it than this.First, there is the argument that, along with others, the Fund misinterpreted the very nature of the debt crisis by treating it either as a liquidity crisis or as one of short-term internal adjustment rather than as a more deep-seated problem of structural adjustment which required important supply-side responses as well as the appropriate management of demand. This meant that the Fund opted to support new financing which assisted countries in meeting their outstanding debt-servicing obligations but which did little to restore medium-term viability to their balance of payments.The nature of the programmes supported by the Fund has, in relation to this, been criticized for an overemphasis on devaluation resulting from a desire to strengthen the tradable sector of the economy and thereby to facilitate debt servicing, and an over-ambitious attempt to achieve stabilization and liberalization simultaneously. A long-standing worry associated with the use of devaluation is that a shift in the nominal exchange rate will fail to alter the real exchange rate because of the inflation it generates.Devaluation is seen as destroying the ‘nominal anchor’, or to use the older jargon ‘reserve discipline’, that a fixed exchange rate provides. Is this not a particular worry in highly indebted countries where the inflation record is frequently very poor and where the reputation of governments as inflation fighters is often weak? Just as the counter-inflationary merits of fixed exchange rates were being acknowledged and accentuated in the context of the European Monetary System, were they not being neglected by the IMF ?Critics of the Fund’s approach to conditionality within the highly indebted countries have argued that, whereas devaluation may certainly be appropriate in some circumstances it may be inappropriate where the fiscal deficit is under control and where the income redistributive effects, particularly in terms of lowering the urban real wage, spark off political unrest and measures to restore real wages. In these circumstances, the price of non-tradeables may also rise, with the result that the relative price effect of devaluation on the internal terms of trade is lost.The dangers of a vicious circle, whereby inflation leads to devaluation which then leads to further inflation, have long been acknowledged in Latin American economies where there is a legacy of rapid inflation and a low degree of money illusion. Indeed, in the context of forward-looking models of economic policy which emphasise the importance of the government’s reputation, the vicious circle can take on an additional twist.Here the use of devaluation damages a government’s anti-inflation credentials; private agents anticipate devaluation and mark up prices ahead of it; the inflation thereby caused itself forces the government to devalue. Expectations become self-fulfilling and generate their own internal dynamics. The Fund has also been seen as being over-ambitious. Its stabilisation and liberalisation objectives have been interpreted as paying inadequate regard to the potential inconsistencies that may exist between them.Within developing countries, in particular, revenue from tariffs may be an important element in total government income. Tariff reduction can therefore exert a significant adverse impact on the fiscal balance unless this source of revenue is replenished by other tax changes. Evidence suggesting a falling rate of success in achieving programme targets is cited as supporting the claim that Fund-supported programmes in highly indebted countries have been unreali stic.In the case of intermediate targets, relating, for example, to aspects of credit creation, such a record reflects an increasing problem of non-compliance. Countries have often simply not complied with strategic elements in Fund-supported programmes. Some authors have again sought to explain this phenomenon in terms of the specifics of the debt problems with which highly indebted countries have been faced, the argument being that Fund-supported programmes have offered little domestic rate of return. The principal beneficiaries have instead been private foreign creditors.The distribution of the costs and benefits of the programmes has established a set of incentives that is antagonistic towards a high degree of compliance. The debt overhang has had the effect of weakening Fund conditionality through acting as a tax on necessary reforms, with one implication being that it has become increasingly difficult to muster the necessary domestic political support for such reforms (Sachs, 1989; Krugman, 1988). In this context it is claimed that debt relief is needed to create the necessary incentive structure to adjust.The Fund has been criticised for failing to recognise this. Indeed, its policy of ‘assured financing’, whereby IMF support was predicated on countries continuing to meet their outstanding obligations to the banks, has been interpreted as systemically discouraging the provision of debt relief by the banks and thereby impeding the resolution of the debt crisis. At the beginning of the crisis the Fund had some success in encouraging new commercial money inflows by making these a precondition of its support, but this insistence faltered as the banks’ reluctance to lend became more pronounced.Moreover, it is argued that the Fund’s inappropriate approach to the debt problem was reflected by its apparent neglect of the distinction between new financing and debt reduction—a distinction which was being accentuated in the academ ic literature as the 1980s progressed (Krugman, 1988). Critics suggested that this neglect again showed the Fund as being primarily concerned with cash flow rather than medium and longer-term problems.Yet, even in a short-run context, the different expectational responses to new money and debt reduction can cause different effects, with new money leading to further indebtedness and therefore the prospects of additional domestic fiscal and monetary problems. Statements emanating from the Fund about its own perception of its role in the debt crisis tended to side-step these analytical issues and stick with broader organizational ones, which emphasized its strategic importance as an ‘honest broker’ or catalyst (Nowzad, 1999).The Fund described its objective as that of normalising creditor-debtor relations and restoring country access to sustainable flows and spontaneous lending. The means to this end were to be vigorous and sustained adjustment efforts by the debtors, and a co-operative concerted approach involving creditors, the Paris Club, commercial banks and the export credit agencies. While recognising that progress had been uneven and vulnerable, by the mid-1980s the Fund was interpreting its overall record on the debt problem as ‘encouraging’ (Nowzad, 1999).At the same time, however, critics were assessing that, ‘the IMF’s recent record in the debtor countries is one of failure’ (Sachs, 1989a). Such disagreement persists because there is no universally accepted set of criteria by which the Fund may be judged. Apart from anything else, there is always the basic problem of the counterfactual: what would have happened if the Fund had done things differently?Accepting this difficulty, a superficial review of the empirical evidence suggests that the Fund’s record in terms of dealing with the debt problem of the 1980s was, at best, mixed. Certainly it managed to help avoid a major systemic international financ ial failure and this was no small achievement. But, by other criteria, no substantial or sustained degree of success can be claimed. By the end of the decade, creditor-debtor relations had not been normalised, and access to spontaneous lending had not been restored.Indeed, the creditworthiness of the highly indebted countries, as represented by the secondary market price of their debt, had continued to fall; net transfers to highly indebted countries were still significantly negative; a concerted and co-operative approach to the debt problem had not emerged; most debt indicators failed to show any notable or sustained improvement; and macroeconomic performance in the highly indebted countries was poor and often deteriorating, with forward-looking indicators such as the investment ratio and import volume suggesting bleak prospects for the 1990s.Even IMF-specific indicators were discouraging, with declining programme compliance, rising arrears and the increasing use of waivers. Episod ic successes existed but the overall picture was not reassuring. During a decade in which open economy macroeconomics became more sophisticated, the accusation was increasingly made that the model underpinning the Fund’s operations had failed to be modified and that it was out of date and inappropriate. Research of an excellent academic standard conducted within the Fund’s own Research Department was, according to this view, no longer having a significant operational impact.Indeed, and again at a superficial level, the empirical evidence seemed to suggest that the conventional caricature of a Fund-supported programme involving a combination of exchange rate devaluation and the deflation of aggregate demand through credit control was more accurate during the 1980s than it had been before (Edwards, 1989). At the same time as Fund-supported programmes were being criticised for lacking intellectual sophistication, evidence as to their adverse social and human implications was also being more systematically collected and coherently presented (Cornia et al., 1997; Demery and Addison, 1997).Increasing infant mortality and morbidity, malnutrition and falling life expectancy were now being attributed, at least in part, to IMF-backed programmes. And the design of programmes which emphasised reduced government expenditure rather than increased tax revenue was being seen not only as endangering important welfare schemes in developing countries, but also as reflecting the dominant current politico-economic paradigm within the developed countries, where the role of the state was under stark review.This in turn highlighted another area—the sequencing of reform—in which the Fund came in for criticism. Merely designing an appropriate programme of policies was now seen as inadequate; more consideration needed to be given to the order and inter-temporal distribution of elements of an adjustment programme, particularly as even research conducted within the Fund itself was beginning to suggest that Fund-supported programmes could have a negative effect on output, at least in the short run (Khan et al., 1996; Vines, 1990).Earlier models, which formed the basis for financial programming within the Fund, most notoriously the Polak model, had basically assumed away such an effect by making output exogenous. Yet even the more outspoken critics of the Fund’s handling of the debt crisis suggest that its approach changed towards the end of the 1980s, particularly after Michel Camdessus took over as Managing Director in 1987.This change of approach found expression in terms of a softening attitude towards debt relief, a change in the treatment of arrears, with the Fund becoming prepared to make loans while countries were in arrears with the banks, and an increasing concern for the effects of Fund-supported programmes on income distribution and the related recognition that income distributive effects might be important in determining the political, and therefore practical, feasibility of programmes.Although criticisms still remained, for example that the Fund placed too much reliance on voluntary forms of debt reduction which, given the associated free rider problems, should instead be treated as a public good, they became slightly more muted. If the Fund was still not coming up with right answers, at least, according to some critics, it seemed to be asking more relevant questions. Moreover, some of the broader criticisms relating to the input of the Research Department were suspended awaiting the impact of the appointment of a new Managing Director.On top of this there appeared to be a growing acceptance that macroeconomic stability was a necessary precondition for sustained economic development, and this took some of the sting out of the old debate about IMF conditionality. At the beginning of the 1990s private capital began to return to some of the lightly indebted countries, to the extent that some commenta tors claimed that the Latin American debt crisis was over. This was not the case in Africa, and it is unclear as to how significant the Fund’s input was in generating capital inflows. References Cornia, G. A. , Jolly, R. and Stewart, F. (eds) (1997)Adjustment with a Human Face: Protecting the Vulnerable and Promoting Growth, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Demery, Lionel and Addison, Tony. 1997. The Alleviation of Poverty Under Structural Adjustment, Washington, DC: World Bank. Edwards, S. 1989. ‘The International Monetary Fund and the Developing Countries: A Critical Evaluation’, Carnegie Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 31. Finch, David C. 1988. ‘Let the IMF be the IMF’, International Economy, January/February. Krugman, Paul. 1988. ‘Financing versus Forgiving a Debt Overhang’. Journal of Development Economics 29.Khan, Mohsin, Montiel, Peter and Ul Haque, Nadeem (1996) ‘Adjustment with Growth: Relating the Analytical Approaches of the World Bank and the IMF’, World Bank Discussion Paper, Washington, DC: World Bank. Nowzad, B. (1999) ‘The Debt Problem and the IMF’s Perspective’, in Graham Bird (ed. ), Third World Debt: The Search for a Solution, London: Edward Elgar. Sachs, Jeffrey D. 1989a. ‘Strengthening IMF Programmes in Highly Indebted Countries’, in C. Gwin and R. Feinberg (eds).The International Monetary Fund in a Multipolar World: Pulling Together, US-Third World Policy Perspectives No. 13, Washington, DC: Overseas Development Council. Sachs, Jeffrey D. 1989b. ‘Conditionality, Debt Relief, and the Developing Country Debt Crisis’, in Jeffrey D. Sachs (ed. ), Developing Country Debt and Economic Performance, Vol. 1. International Financial System, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Stiglitz, Joseph E. 2003. Globalization and its Discontents. New York: Norton. Vines, David. 1990. ‘Growth Oriented Adjustment Programmes; A Recons ideration’, London: Centre for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper No. 406, March.

A Case Study Of People With Disabilities Social Work Essay

A Case Study Of People With Disabilities Social Work Essay This case study is in relation to a 19 year old adult, Shaku who suffers from learning disability. Shakus heritage is East African/ Punjabi and both her parents are people who work full time. Shaku lives with her parents, bothers, sister and grand mother. The family of Shaku is not a devoted Muslim family but it has been observed that they value their traditions. Regarding Shaku’s learning disability, her speech is impaired and she is physically disabled and requires assistance with personal care tasks. Although she is disabled, but she is like a normal girl in many ways, who loves fashionable cloths, loves to watch movies and misses her friends from school. Shaku has a speech and language therapist, Jean who is working with her with computerized assistive technology. A learning disability affects the way someone learns, communicates or does some everyday things. Someone has a learning disability all through his or her life. There are many different types of learning disabili ty. They can be mild, moderate or severe. Some people with a mild learning disability do not need a lot of support in their lives. But other people may need support with all sorts of things, like getting dressed, going shopping, or filling out forms. Some people with a learning disability also have a physical disability. This can mean they need a lot of mental and physical support 24 hours a day. Shaku has been attending a local authority ran day centre, Hopefield Road Resource Centre for people with learning disabilities three times a week for the last 12 months. In addition to this she has a care agency, Helpful hands visiting at home three times a day, for one and a half hours at a time to help her with simple everyday tasks. Shaku is getting more and more frustrated and angry everyday. There are many reasons for her verbally abusive out bursts. After interviewing her, this is what I came to know about her family back ground and the way things are going for Shaku. Shaku feels she is a burden on her parents, as both of them are working parents; they do not have the time to look after her. This also frustrated Shaku as she needs more time from people who love her and are close to her. Shaku does get some amount of support from her grandmother but that is not enough as she can not openly communicate with her in Punjabi. Shaku feels uncomfortable being left up to others. Even though she can not perform everyday tasks by herself, she still finds this inconvenient. For example, she does not like to go to bed early. Shaku is disturbed by the thought of the centre closing because then she would not have any activities to do. Although Shaku portrays a friendly attitude towards Kerry, she is not comfortable with her presence and is somewhat feeling being abused. Another important issue in Shaku’s life is about what will happen to her in future. She is unsure and uncertain. Her parents plan on marrying her, to which she does not give a favourable response.

Boethius Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Boethius - Essay Example In this case, the infallible providence of God is privy to all future events and whatever actions a rational creature sets out to do have actually been predetermined. However, this is going against the concept of freedom of choice, this is because the premise for legitimate free will would comprise of a non-predetermined course of things since freedom can be loosely defined as a the will by a rational creature to determine its own life and destiny independently. Thus, concisely if God is all knowing, cannot be wrong, and he knows of the human destiny and future action, then it translates that man’s future is predetermined in Gods knowledge of its occurrence and in these premise the concept of free will is fallacious. Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius is one of the sages who have had significant impact on this debate; he posited a solution for this problem which he claims was shown to him in a vision by lady philosophy while he was locked up in prison. On free will he says the fact that humans are capable of reasoning means they possess free will, reason enables them to make logical judgments which translate to decisions (Flew, 175). Therefore, they have the ability and capacity to decide what should be included or excluded from their lives. He further classifies freedom thus; humans are freest when contemplating philosophically and least free when engaged in addictive behavior and bound in earthly fetters. However lady philosophy tells him that, God can foresee our future and puts everyone in the situations that are best fitted for their present needs in his infinite and infallible wisdom. However, this begs the question which had been earlier discussed before that, if the infallible God knows our actions and it is impossible that he is wrong, how then can we claim to have free will, this is because to justify perfect foresight, either what is going to happen must be foresees by him or what he sees must invariably come to pass, nevertheless in either ca se, human freedom is nullified. The solution offered by lady philosophy and which Boethius proposes is that God does not â€Å"know† or see things in the same way as man, he is eternal and the past present and future are simultaneous to him. He does not exist in the same temporal dimensions as humans thus despite the fact that tomorrow is yet to be, he sees it as we do the present, therefore he knows what will happen without directing it to happen (Flew 176).   Therefore, the knowledge of God transcends all that is in the temporal and spatial realms as perceived by man and it exists in the simplicity of a simple present, thus Gods knowledge is not future knowledge but awareness of a consistent present. In other words, one should not think of providence as the causative agent in the cause of things, they happen independently and providence only foresees them because they will happen not to make them happen. In my opinion, Boethius’ reasoning is not tenable, his argume nts go round in circles and coming back to the same point, because he wants to justify two diametrically opposed ideas and makes it appear that both are logical. At the end of the day, if we agree God all knows, his transcendence of time will not change the fact that humans are immersed in it, thus events in his continuous present are occur to humans in different times. Thus, the fact that thing happen as they do, and God presumably is aware of them means free will remains and illusion. However, to borrow from a biblical reasoning, God knows an individual even when they are in

Ethics, wk 6, forum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics, wk 6, forum - Essay Example They are not two opposite techniques that are against each other. If we analyze traditional policing techniques it is obvious that some of its practices are adopted by community policing. The different of the former from the latter is that the latter is broader in practice; while traditional policing is more reactive in nature. One thing that plays a vital role in community policing is interpersonal skills which definitely is a missing component in traditional policing. Interpersonal skills and oral communications are necessary components of community policing. A police officer who practices community policing must have the ability to develop rapport with citizens, so that trust can be built between community residents and the police. For example, one FTO wrote, "PT[2] is polite when speaking with citizens and suspects and is able to gather the necessary information to complete the investigation." (Chappell, 2007) During 2007, rate of violence and crime rises to a great extent in United States as compare to 2006. The rate rises to almost 1.1 percent in countries which were non-metropolitan and in different cities which has the population ranges between 10,000 till 24, 999. In metropolitan countries murder rates rises to 4.9 percent, in cities which has inhabitants for about 50,000 and 99,999 it raises to 3.2%. Burglary rates increases to 3.5 percent which definitely shows the need of proper strategy implemented by police to reduce crime. (Polite, 2010) There is no doubt in the fact the today’s crimes is complex as ever before. With the emerging crime rate, it is very obvious that traditional policing is not enough. Nowadays, police needs to be more active in the lives of the people they serve rather than just fight the wrong when it is committed. The strategies adopted by community policing is definitely going to take over the traditional policing efforts as now the scenario has

Analysis on the Organizational Structure of Oman Air Essay

Analysis on the Organizational Structure of Oman Air - Essay Example The Sultanate of Oman’s Civil Aviation founded the Oman Air, which began its operation in 1993. Prior to that event, in the year 1970, the Oman International Services was inaugurated. It was followed by the establishment of Oman Aviation services on 1981 with an aim to expand its services offered to other airlines such as in cargo handling and ground handling. With the operation of Oman Air, this company was responsible for creating a traffic hub in Muscat, which led to the growth of the tourism industry, commercial, and industrial. The company first offered direct flights in Colombo and Dubai, then succeeded by Trivandum, Kuwait, Karachi, and Sri Lanka from 1993-1994. In 1995, it started to open direct flights in India, Bangladesh, and Dhaka. The destination offered expanded, but it started to limit its operation since 2003. In 2005, it commenced to offer other destinations until it expanded internationally. Oman Air was introduced as the new identity of Oman Aviation Service s (SAOC) on April 21, 2008 (Oman Air, 2012e). The company commits itself in providing quality services to its target markets, which is construed by 28 awards they received from the independent sector. The company was recognized as the Best Airline Worldwide 2011 based on the survey conducted by the travel magazine (Oman Air, 2012f). SWOT Analysis Strength Oman Air has monopolized the airline industry since it is considered as the national carrier within the country. There is no competition involved because the government owns 99.825% while others have a percentage of 0.175 (Oman Air, 2012a). The government is primarily bounded in its marketing campaign, which will increase the tourist in Oman. Since it is the flag carrier of the Sultanate of Oman, it has been widely known in the country. The market presence of Oman Air is relatively high. Moreover, Oman is notable for its hospitality. The company desires to render comfort for customers while they travel across the countries. Furthermore, Oman Air leaves an impression of their services based on the international standards with emphasis on quality and safety. Oman Air was the first airline that offered satellite telephone and internet connection. The investment in green technology strengthened the brand name of Oman Air because modern facilities and aircraft reduced carbon emission. Weaknesses The internal structure of Oman Air reflects its weakness. Due to the poor performance of every department, the profitability of the company is affected. The large organizational structure of the company needs good leadership and management. The departmentalized structure divides the attention of the CEO, which weakens the interdepartmental communication. The poor management of HR resources in recruiting technical and administrative tasks leads to the poor performance of every department. It results to the staged strike by the Oman Air employees, which aim for higher wages (Pollack, et al., 2011, p.181). The conflict inside the Oman Air is influenced by politics regarding on poor management and corruption. The strike reminds the employers to provid e opportunities for employees. Lastly, the culture of Oman Air has not yet altered despite the deviation in the cultural background of its staff. Opportunities Monopolization in the airline industry provides opportunities for the business operation of Oman Air. This company is the only air carrier that offers services globally. When there is no competition, the company can be secured of its profitability and sales. Oman Air has no apprehension on the prices of air fare. Thus, Oman Air caters to the large market of travellers in its country. According to Rajasekar and Moideenkutty (2007, p.128), the population of travellers in Oman is about 800, 000. Furthermore, modern facilities such as â€Å"new passenger terminal, a brand new cargo terminal, new engineering facility, and in-flight catering facility† can elevate the profitability of Oman Air. The customers’

Fast Food Restaurant and Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fast Food Restaurant and Obesity - Essay Example 1. The fast food industry spends billion dollars in advertising their products. These adverts manipulate teenagers who increase their spending on food. As a result, they end up consuming junks of food, which may lead to obese conditions. 2. Legal practitioners have realized that the food restaurants are increasingly changing their marketing strategies and introducing healthier products because of guilt (Willensky 309). III. Second Main Point A. 1. Teenagers should be blamed for obesity. It is their responsibility to identify the type of food to eat and of what quantity. 2. Parents should be responsible for their children’s health status. They advice their children to take much of home-made food than fast foods. B. 1. Advertisements encourage teenagers to eat junk food 2. Parents have no time to care for their children, and prepare all meals at home. III. Third Main Point C. Fast food restaurants are to be blamed if their food causes problem due to low standards. D. Teenagers are to be blamed if they fail to control their diet. Their parents should also be held responsible for failing to advice their children on the type of food to eat. 1. Fast food restaurant is both responsible and irresponsible for obesity. 2. Children are responsible for watching over their diets, but adverts allure them to eat junk food. 3. Food industry is held responsible for failing to meet the set standards. B. Food industry should not be blamed for obesity and its related health conditions since it is the responsibility of all American to watch over their diets.

English for Speakers of Other Languages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

English for Speakers of Other Languages - Essay Example The first part examines the comprehension of what has been read and asks the reader to answer several multiple choice questions regarding that text. This is on the simple level of memory and comprehension of what has been read. The second part requires not only understand but logistical interpretation. The reader is presented with text that is missing three paragraphs and then presented with four paragraph choices at the end and asked to insert the proper three paragraphs in to the correct section of the test. This certainly presents an advanced level of understanding required to correctly eliminate the erroneous paragraph and insert the correct three paragraphs in the proper sections. This demonstrates an understanding of syntax and semantics. Section three is again a presentation of text, each at different stylistic levels of reading examples and multiple choice questions are asked at the end. Section four flips the scenario and asks a question prior to reading the text, turning th e reader's intelligence to search on first to find answers to specific items requested. This not only displays semantic and organization understanding but structural knowledge as well: A person's structure of knowledge in a subject area includes not only declarative knowledge about substance (or information about what) but also procedural knowledge about methods (or information about how) and strategic knowledge about alternatives for goal setting and planning (or information about which, when, and possibly why). (Merrick 1984: 156)

Should society recognize animal rights, even to the extent of Essay

Should society recognize animal rights, even to the extent of disallowing the use of animals in scientific and medical experiments - Essay Example The comment on this report concludes that to some extent there may be grounds to support the argument for the use of monkeys in medical research, however no blanket decisions can be made because each case must be evaluated individually to assess the beneficial effect of the medicine as opposed to the harm caused to the animals. Evidence that is provided in this article includes figures on number of animals used in medical experiments, as well as the percentages of animals used in toxicology studies. It also provides information on the development of vaccines, as well as providing evidence of other methods that may be used for the same purpose that does not involve the use of animals. The article also provides evidence on cell and molecular biology, in-silico technology, computer modeling, microdosing and the use of transgenic mice. The author of this report is David Weatherall. Although this author has commented on and explained the contents of a report that was sponsored by the Medical Council, he is himself the Chairman of the working group which actually produced and prepared the report on the use of non human primates in research, which was sponsored by the Medical Council. The author has clarified that the comments he has made are not necessarily those that reflect the view of the report’s sponsors. The Report which is the subject of this article was published by the Wellcome Trust and the Academy of Medical Sciences, however this particular report on the article was published in the Lancet, a reputed newspaper. Therefore, this is a report published by a reputed publisher and sponsored by a reputed body. This report is very timely in the context of the controversies that have been raging over the use of animals for purposes of scientific and medical research. The report has also undertaken a comprehensive analysis of the various methods

The Hunger Problem and Its Causes Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Hunger Problem and Its Causes - Assignment Example From the report it is clear that the first chapter of the book is titled ‘Nutritional Problems’. In this chapter, the author explores the issue of the increased number of people in the world who are living in hunger and who are undernourished. The author takes into consideration the current statistics from Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). These statistics indicate that the current population of undernourished people to be above one billion people in the world, an increase of more than 100 million in just one year. Kent uses this introductory chapter to provide a vivid picture of the hunger and food insecurity situation in the world. He expresses concerns that the United Nations Millennium Development Goal of halving the number of people suffering from hunger by 2015 might not become a reality. This study highlights that the second chapter of the book is titled ‘Widening Gaps.' Kent in this chapter explores the basic cause of hunger and food insecurity. This baseline cause is the ever-widening gap between the poor and the rich. He starts to review this from a basic level of the economically different households who he expresses that they will have differing access to foods. This is significantly represented in the national and global perspective. From his representation, the widening gap economic ability gap between developed and underdeveloped countries is directly causing problems in the access of nutrition to many of the people in the developing and undevel0oped countries.

Death, Tragedy and Community at Wartime Essay Example for Free

Death, Tragedy and Community at Wartime Essay Dying in War: Implications for the family, the community and the social worker Death is a phenomenon that evokes mixed reactions and views from a community. For some, it a blessed release from the trials and problems of life. To others, it may very well be the end of the world when they lose a loved one. What remains constant however is the grief, bereavement and loneliness experienced by those left behind. Even more so when death was sudden and unexpected as like what happens in times of war, disaster, and terrorist attacks. Grief goes through many stages, each stage more difficult that the last. While most people generally manage to cope with time, some experience more difficulties and tend to develop psychological and emotional problems. During the First and Second World Wars, the knock of the postman was a thing of dread. They either brought telegrams summoning the sons and fathers of families for the draft or telegrams announcing the death or loss of loved one. An estimated 8 million military personnel in 14 European countries were killed in World War I, and 14. 4 million military personnel in 17 European countries were killed in World War II (Aiken, 2001, p. 111). Parents who suddenly lose their children such as what happened to most wartime mothers with adult sons usually have a harder time coming to terms with the death of their child (Gilbert, 2005, p. 6). The loss and feelings of helplessness and anger can be intense. There is a common belief that something is wrong when a parent buries his/her child. Most parents who have experienced this report that they feel dissociation with life and everything just felt so unreal (p. 6). That it is not right that parents should survive their children is often the thought that haunts bereaved parents. What role do social workers play in times of war and terror? Social problems are defined as the challenges that face and exist in communities (Hardcastle, Powers Wenocur, 2004, p. 62). It is the social workers job to help the community and its members formulate and implement solutions to these problems. Social workers usually work with problems related to economic disadvantages, illness and disability, crime and delinquency, abuse and maltreatment, service provision to special parts of the population and mental illness. All these problems call for leadership attention and trained intervention (p. 62). No situation can put all these things together more than times of war. What may be the biggest challenge to a social worker though is the task of helping a family and community deal with the sudden losses of loved ones in combat. In addition to this, they should also be prepared to cope with the rehabilitation of those who have been able to come back home but exist with scars that are not only physical but also mental and emotional. The events of September 11, 2001, though technically not a part of any formal war except the one on terror, had an impact that was not dissimilar to armed conflicts. There was confusion, anger, anxiety and above all, people who in an instant lost their loved ones. As with wartime, sudden death can only be viewed as unfair and untimely (Clements, Deranieri, Vigil Benasutti, 2004) For example, the September 11, 2001 terror attacks left behind families and children who have lost moms and dads in that instant. Even adults and children who were indirectly affected by the attacks have grown to suffer feelings of anxiety and shattered security in their personal and familial safety (Smith Reynolds, 2002). Besides the inevitable feelings of grief, children especially were left behind and often had to contend with nightmares and morbid pictures of the traumatic deaths their loved ones experienced as well as the stress and difficulty of trying to picture lives without mom or dad. It is also important to remember that the effects of trauma are not limited to those who suffer it directly (Sims, Hayden, Palmer Hutchins, 2000, p. 41) The ubiquity of television also afforded children at home not only news of the attacks but also vivid pictures and descriptions of the tragedy and all its violence. This made it even more problematic for children and people who have lost loved ones in the Twin Towers and the plane crashes as coverage of each horrific scene gave them fodder for the imagination and subsequent nightmares. The case of a 7-year old boy named Johnny is cited in the study (2002) by Smith and Reynolds. : Following the 9/11 attacks, Johnny developed a constant fear of his parents leaving home and getting killed by bad men. He also developed a phobia of elevators and would throw tantrums whenever his parents tried to make him use one. Johnny admitted to his therapist that his fear of elevator stemmed from a story he heard of how people in the Twin Towers were trapped and killed while riding in the elevators. (Smith Reynolds, 2002) Neither Johnny nor his family were directly involved or affected in the terror attack. The mental and emotional strain suffered by survivors and those affected by this very high profile event led to the American Psychiatric Associations setting up of counseling services focusing on grief, acute stress and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Smith Reynolds, 2002). The difficulty that most surviving relatives meet is in the un-timeliness of death. While conventional wisdom holds that sons and fathers who go to war may not come back again, more often than not, there is a strong hope that they will be able to come home. Despite the knowledge of all the possibilities, the sudden and traumatic nature of death often creates problems among surviving relatives. They become victims in their own right. Muller and Thompson believe that the manner of death plays a vital role in determining the reaction of the survivors (Muller Thompson, 2003). If its bad enough for people to suddenly lose their loved ones, how much more would it be for children to live and go through an environment of war and death? In his article in the Journal of Multi-cultural Counseling and Development in 2004, Clinical psychologist and Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA) Gargi Roysircar relates the case of 20-year old Yugoslavian emigre Stephen, who at the age of 10 witnessed the height of the civil war between Christians and Muslims in Kosovo in 1990. In interviews with his counselor, Stephen recalls witnessing about 80% of his classmates get killed by bombs, sniper shots and gunfire as they walked to and from school. At age 14, Stephen was taken by his father to the frontlines for training in combat to fight with the Serbian army. The next two years wold take Stephen all over the Balkans and would expose him to all kinds of death, privation and war atrocities. Eventually migrating as political refugees in the United States, in 1999, Stephen demonstrated difficulty in acculturation and adjustment. The constant displacement he experienced in war along with the mistrust bred by his past and cultural paranoia fostered by the Croatian community they lived with made it difficult for Stephen to acclimatize to peacetime setting. Roysircar describes Stephen as having recurrent thoughts and images of his violent experience in the Balkans. He experienced nightmares, hostility and a profound sense of a lack of belonging. Stephen also often recounted the difficulties he experienced including hiding in a basement and eating rats especially when angry. He also displays a deep-seated hatred for the Muslims and believes the Middle East should be wiped off the face of the Earth (Roysircar, 2004). While there may be models detailing stages of grief and recovery, social workers must be prepared for instances that do not adhere to such models. In Stephens case while he did not directly lose any of his close family members, he was exposed at an early age to violence and death. He has also experienced being the cause of another human beings death as he and his father fought on the Serbian army. This is no different from the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder exhibited by American soldiers returning from Vietnam or any other area where they fought in combat. A person does not have to lose anyone in order to feel grief, bereavement and suffer any disorder that may result from it as evidenced by the little boy Johnnie and Stephen. Death in wartime is not limited to just the loss of a loved one. In a community where all able bodied men are called to arms, anybody can lose husbands, brothers, fathers and sons at any day. Families left behind are left to their own devices and imaginings of what horrors their loved ones are facing. Those who do lose family members are haunted by the manner by which their loved one died. There is also the unfortunate circumstance in war where death is an ambiguous issue. In the Vietnam War, many people were reported missing in action. The families of such people were left at an awkward and horrible position of not knowing whether they should be mourning or holding out hope for their loved ones return (Worden, 2003, p. 40). In some cases, some families do accept the reality that their loved one may be dead and go through the entire process of mourning and recovery only to be told later that their husbands and sons were simply prisoners of war and has since been released. While ordinarily this may sound like a fairy tale ending, there may come unbridgeable gaps and tension that can only ruin relationships and lives (p. 85). On the other hand, some families may keep clinging to the hope that their loved ones are alive and therefore refuse to give way to grief and acceptance. Stacy Bannerman (2007) is one of the many army wives whose marriage was broken up by war. In her article that appeared in The Progressive, she relates how her once happy marriage with one of the militarys mortar platoon commanders started heading downhill with every death he caused and witnessed during his stint in Iraq. She decries the insensitivity and lack of support for military families from the National Guard. She further cites how there was an absolute lack of prompt attention to the mental and emotional needs of returning military men who more often than not suffered from PTSD like her husband, Lorin did. Because of this, there have been military men who have survived their tour of duty only to succumb to mental and emotional anguish and end up committing suicide on American soil (Bannerman, 2007). It is the soldiers, their families, and the people of Iraq that pay the human costs. The tab so far: more than 3,000 dead U. S. troops, tens of thousands of wounded, over half a million Iraqi casualties, roughly 250,000 American servicemen and women struggling with PTSD, and almost 60,000 military marriages that have been broken by this war (Bannerman, 2007). The problem here is that most of those left behind are left to cope with their own fears without the support of anybody else except family and members who are also wrapped up in their own concerns. In this case, social workers must be able to take the lead in establishing outreach and community groups so people do not have to cope and suffer in isolation. Carpenter (2002) states that the psychological well-being of the members of a community is one of the jobs of a social worker. While it is true that the trauma brought on by exposure to violence and death may be an individual process, healing and recovery needs societal support and strong relationships (Carpenter, 2002). This may become a challenge to families and communities who are dealing with their anxiety and grief. However, Carpenter reminds social workers that one of the primary goals of social work is to help empower the oppressed. Oppression in itself can take on many definitions and forms. In this particular case, it is the trauma and grief that is debilitating and oppressing the individual and the community. Social workers must also be prepared to look for signs of repressed grief. Some individuals choose to withhold and fail to express grief and therefore develop problems later in life often developing manias, paranoia and demonstrate abuse towards other people. At times, the feelings of grief or multiple losses of loved ones may lead to a grief overload that would cause an individual to delay grief (Worden, 2003, p. 91) The community as a social system can provide a network of support. Given the right leadership, empathy and sensitivity, it can also become a safe place where people can come to terms with their grief and slowly move on toward recovery. In the cases of Johnnie and Stephen, it took time before they were able to face and admit their anger, anxiety and grief at the bad things that they experienced and fear. Sometimes, self-reflection and a ready ear is all thats necessary. As clinically trained counselors and diagnosticians, social workers are tasked with the duty of helping people recognize and understand what problems they may have. Community-wise, social workers should have enough knowledge of the communitys demographics in order to unify and create a solid network of safety and interaction that may assist troubled and grieving individuals particularly in conflict filled times such as war. Death at wartime comes in many forms. It could be the actual death of a loved one, anxiety at the possible death, loss at whether somebody is dead or not, or even those who continue to physically live but have broken spirits and permanent disabilities as a result of war wounds. Much as death is a big thing that affects not only the family but also the community as a whole, war brings with it so much more problems and issues that will undoubtedly challenge most social workers. Undertaking social work means one must be in sync with the community. By in sync, it covers everything from issues, key people, and resources that may be mobilized in times of need. War is a time of immense crisis and tragedy that the social worker must be prepared to face head on and ably lead and facilitate the processes by which the community may be transformed into a supportive societal system that each member may be able to depend on. This does not mean however that social workers cannot be affected or lose their sense of self in dealing with all these tragedies. Tsui and Cheung (2003) recommend a self-reflection on the part of the social worker in order to understand and come to terms with their own reactions and feelings to tragedies they both witness and hear about from their clients before attempting to deal further with the grief of others. They also stress that once social workers attend to their duties, they should do so intellectually yet with empathy and focus on assessing and addressing the needs of the community rather than ones own (Tsui Cheung, 2003) References Aiken, L. R. (2001). Dying, Death, and Bereavement (4th ed. ). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=22091057 Bannerman, S. (2007, March). Broken by This War. The Progressive, 71, 26+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5021139792 Carpenter, J. (2002). Mental Health Recovery Paradigm: Implications for Social Work. Health and Social Work, 27(2), 86+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5000778618 Gilbert, K. R. (2005). 1 When a Couple Loses a Child. In Family Stressors: Interventions for Stress and Trauma, Catherall, D. R. (Ed. ) (pp. 5-30). New York: Brunner Routledge. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=109184971 Catherall, D. R. (Ed. ). (2005). Family Stressors: Interventions for Stress and Trauma. New York: Brunner Routledge. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=109184958 Clements, P. T. , Deranieri, J. T. , Vigil, G. J. , Benasutti, K. M. (2004). Life after Death: Grief Therapy after the Sudden Traumatic Death of a Family Member. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 40(4), 149+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5008586582 Hardcastle, D. A. , Powers, P. R. , Wenocur, S. (2004). Community Practice: Theories and Skills for Social Workers. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=104722138 Roysircar, G. (2004). Child Survivor of War: A Case Study. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 32(3), 168+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5012181947 Sims, M. , Hayden, J. , Palmer, G. , Hutchins, T. (2000). Working in Early Childhood Settings with Children Who Have Experienced Refugee or War-Related Trauma. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 25(4), 41. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5001127890 Smith, S. , Reynolds, C. (2002). Innocent Lost: The Impact of 9-11 on the Development of Children. Annals of the American Psychotherapy Association, 5(5), 12+. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5002560442 Tsui, M. , Cheung, F. C. (2003). Dealing with Terrorism: What Social Workers Should and Can Do. Social Work, 48(4), 556+. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5002045024 Worden, J. W. (2003). Grief Counselling and Grief Therapy: A Handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner. Hove, England: Brunner-Routledge. Retrieved November 28, 2007, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=108479290

Plugging into the Experience Machine

Plugging into the Experience Machine Would you be happy if you were plugged into the Experience Machine? If chosen to plug into the experience machine, we can strongly agree that the agent is choosing for hedonic illusion in order to achieve happiness. As hedonist would say the simulation of pleasure is qualitatively the same as real experiences of pleasure. I will discuss the two main factors which conclude that one would not be happy when plugged into the Experience Machine. According to Haybron, hedonism is not a sufficient condition to achieve happiness and the life satisfaction theory is absent when one is the Experience Machine. First, we need to identify what happiness is. Taken by Daniel M. Haybron, Happiness A Very Short Introduction, he identifies three basic theories about happiness. Emotional state theory: happiness as a positive emotional condition, Hedonism: happiness as pleasure and Life satisfaction theory: happiness as being satisfied with your life. Both emotional state theory and hedonism identify happiness in terms of feelings, while the life satisfaction theory identifies happiness in terms of judgments about ones life. To be satisfied with ones life is to regard it as going well by ones standard. By considering all things together, one sees its life as having enough of the things one care about. Thus, life satisfaction is the overall evaluation of ones life. Haybron mentions that life satisfaction should not be taken together with pleasure. The focus of life satisfaction which Haybron describes is not about a question of pleasure as people care about other things besides their own pleasure, b ut to track peoples value. An example can be given by a high achieving artist or scientist who might be satisfied with their life even it is not terribly pleasant, she is getting what she cares about. Haybron categorized three terms to describe happiness under life satisfaction theory. Endorsement: feeling happy and other classic emotions. This is an emotional state which signifies ones life as good. Engagement: vitality and flow. This term concerns the engagement with ones life in the form of energetic, interested, and engaged. However, this can occur even when events are not going well, as an example: when struggling to accomplish a difficult goal. There are two types of engagement. The first concerns on the states of energy or vitality. An example was given by Haybron of a concentrated orchestra conductor who might be cheerful or even happy without being obviously cheerful or happy. The second concerns the notion of flow, developed by Csikszentmihalyi. Flow is the state one experience when fully engaged in an activity, typically a challenging activity performed well. Athletes and musicians describe it as being in the zone. In this state of flow, one loses the sense of self-awar eness. To the individual, time tends to pass different to reality and is not aware of feeling anything at all. Yet Csikszentmihalyi describes it as a highly pleasant state, which an individual is happy. It is opposite to boredom. Attunement: peace of mind, confidence, expansiveness. To understand this one should understand the aspect of tranquillity. It is similar to feeling at home, not entirely a peace of mind but a kind confidence, and stability. In this state, one feels relaxed, living seems natural without inhibition. One of the main arguments of Haybron is that hedonism lacks mental state, as pleasure alone cannot prove happiness because pleasure lacks causal depth. I agree on the Haybrons notion that hedonism itself does not constitute happiness. The pleasure of happiness are not the only pleasures to be had, (Haybron, 143) Hedonism focuses happiness on a matter of pleasure, and may have a certain kind of deep (Haybron, 143) pleasure, or the Epicurean pleasures of tranquillity. However, Haybron distinguishes hedonism from happiness. An important aspect of hedonisms error is that pleasure lacks what Haybron call casual depth (Haybron, 144) He states that all appearances are that happiness has deep, far-reaching, and typically lasting consequences for a persons state of mind and behaviour. Thus according to Haybron, the problem with most hedonistic theories is that they are too inclusive: all sorts of shallow, fleeting pleasures are made to count towards happiness (Haybron, 142) Intuitively, the trouble seems to be that such pleasures dont reach deeply enough, so to speak. They just dont get to us; they flit through consciousness and thats the end of it (Haybron, 143). To this extent, Haybron argues that it is a mistake to equate hedonic states, a states of pleasure with happiness. In the sense, hedonism leaves out too much of what we want to include in our concept of happiness. The problem with hedonism, on this view, centers on the way it relates happiness to time. One of the central questions we might ask about happiness is what is the time of happiness? According to Haybron, hedonisms answer is that happiness is an essentially episodic and backward-looking phenomenon. (Haybron, 143) While this may be true of pleasurable experiences, it is arguably not true of happiness. Arguably, happiness is not just about ones past but also ones present and ones attitude towards, and expectations of, the future. Thus happiness, to a significant extent, is future oriented. Haybron stat es that Hedonism does little more than skim the phenomenal surface off of our emotional states and call it happiness. But happiness runs much deeper than that. (Haybron, 144) From this, we could say, by one experiencing the Experience Machine, one is missing the emotion and feeling of psychological state. Thus, when one enters the experience machine to search for happiness, pleasure itself would not suffice because hedonism lacks the detail to handle such cases. Additionally, Nozick provides a similar assertion that the Experience Machine limits us to human-made reality; it is no deeper than the people who programmed it. Thus, both Haybron and Nozick agrees that pleasure is neither the only value nor the highest value of achieving happiness. When one is plugged into the Experience Machine, engagement would not occur as all challenge is absent in all activities one do because any action one does for a particular activity would only bring positive result in order to experience pleasure. It would be unreasonable to assume that in the Experience Machine, one would painfully spend the time and effort to master a skill. Rather one would avoid such challenge and instantly would obtain such skill. Thus the feeling of flow would not be experienced when taken the path without challenge. Attunement cannot be met when plugged into the Experience Machine because the agent is consciously aware that he is not living the reality. The opposite of attunement, disattunment, define not about anxiety but more like alienation. (Haybron, 23b) Ones circumstances seem alien to them. Unfamiliar with the surrounding environment, realizing that only outcome is to benefit ones happiness. The world would quickly seem unreal as all feedbacks would be inconsistent with any action the agent does. An example of this peculiar experience would be like committing a crime but yet receiving a medal of such action. Thus, one would never feel utterly at home (Haybron, 22b) in the experience machine. The feedback would be different from the reality even though it becomes more pleasurable, it would feel unnatural. Haybron states similar assertion: a troubled, anxious, tense, or stressed out person does not seem to be happy, however cheerful she might be. She isnt really at home in her life. (Haybro n, 23b) This itself diminishes the dimensions of happiness. Any action one does in the Experience Machine inevitably would not matter because the programmed agents who have social relation with the one in the Experience Machine would only react to bring a positive response in favour of agents desire. Thus any action one performs would not alter the future or have any meaning to ones goal. The important aspect of life satisfaction is that it is a judgment of ones life which is independent of ones emotional state. Life satisfaction is not about pleasure but how ones life measures to its value. These values are subjective; there is no objective measure for life satisfaction. Humans value actual experiences, character, achievements and their relationships with others, not solely on pleasure. Thus, when one is in the Experience machine, all pleasure one receive are an illusion, a false belief that one believes in experiencing the reality. Haybron explains that hedonism fails in achieving happiness because it lacks causal depth and it is a mistake to equate the state of pleasure with happiness. The definition of life satisfaction theory demonstrates that happiness has to include other aspects such as engagement and attunement, thus, in the Experience Machine; all these deeper senses of experience are absent. One does not feel the challenge to achieve a certain goal, and all action is immaterial because the feedback is only to bring desirable result. We could conclude that the Experience Machine is missing both emotion and psychological state and without these, one would not be happy as this structure the condition of ones well-being. Bibliography: Daniel Haybron, Why Hedonism is False, from Happiness: Classic and Contemporary Readings in Philosophy, (eds.), Steven M. Cahn and Christine Vitrano. (Oxford, 2008a). Daniel M. Haybron, Happiness: A Very Short Introduction. (Oxford, 2013b). Robert Nozick, The Experience Machine, from Happiness: Classic and Contemporary Readings in Philosophy, (eds.), Steven M. Cahn and Christine Vitrano. (Oxford, 2008). Steven M. Cahn and Christine Vitrano, Choosing the Experience Machine, Chapter 14, Cahn Vitrano, Happiness and Goodness: Philosophical Reflections on Living Well. (Columbia University Press, 2015). Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Enjoyment and the Quality of Life, from Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. (HarperCollins Publishers, 1990).

Nutritional Requirements for Children

Nutritional Requirements for Children It is undeniable the importance of an adequate nutrition to ensure growth and development, especially during childhood and its role in promoting and maintaining health and well-being of the individual. The Child Care Setting while feeding children should devote attention to encourage the consumption of various foods offered on the menu, guiding them to eat in moderation, how to do and not do, repressing when pouring or spreading food. Never punish, embarrass or force children when refuse to eat, never used children even as a baby receiving food as a reward or distraction. The act of eating alone is a feeling new to the child and should be performed with pleasure; teach them that they need to eat not to fast or too slow. Encourage children to eat new foods: like fruits and vegetables, the introduction of other foods than breast milk or formula should be done after 6 months. Juices, water, fruits, vegetables, cereals, meats, eggs, derivatives of milk introduced progressively lead to a healthy diet. The Child Care Setting can help parents with children’s food consumption, vitamins and minerals their bodies need, with an incredible range of colour combinations and flavours providing rich, healthy and tasty food. We can use fairy tales in Child Care Settings as a way to teach healthy food habits, such as Hansel and Gretel explaining that we cannot eat so many sweets or chocolates; Little Red Riding Wood who was taking a basket full of healthy food to her grandmother; Ratatouille who dreamed being a head master and follow the footsteps of the chef who he idolized, etc. Baby/ Toddler age Kcal per day: Boy/ Girl Portions per day 6 months 760kcal/ 710 kcal* Carbohydrates-3 Vegetables-3 Fruits-3 Breast milk/ formula Meat/eggs-2 Beans-1 Oil/ Fat-2 Sugar- 0 9 months 880kcal/820kcal* 1 year 960 kcal/910 kcal* 2 years 1190kcal/ 1130kcal* Carbohydrates-5 Vegetables-3 Fruits-4 Milk/ dairy-4 Meat/eggs-2 Beans-1 Oil/ Fat-2 Sugar-1 3 years 1280kcal/1230kcal* 4 years 1490kcal/1370kcal* Carbohydrates-5 Vegetables-3 Fruits-3 Milk/Dairy-3 Meat/eggs-2 Beans-1 Oil/ Fat-1 Sugar-1 5 years 1600kcal/1460kcal* *estimated There are many types of food that are unsuitable for babies and toddlers and we as carers and parents need to have extra care, for example: we should avoid cooking with salt because it is associated to hypertension and their kidneys have difficulty in eliminate the excess. When cooking for babies and toddlers with salt we should be in attention the guideline salt intake, where babies from birth to age of 6months should be less than 1 g/d because breast milk or formula already has enough salt for their bodies. Babies from 7months to 1 year 1g/d; 1 to 3 years 2 g/d; 4 to 6 years3g/d () Always have extra care when cooking with salt for babies or toddlers. It is recommended that children up to 1 year do not consume honey; it can be contaminated with spores of Clostridium botulinum bacteria responsible for transmitting the intestinal botulism. In the first year of life, the intestinal flora is still in development and cannot stop the action of these bacteria. Sugar or refined sugar, are high calories foods, poor in nutrients and in overconsumption can cause a number of diseases. Excessive sugars intake while increasing the concentration of insulin in the blood also increases the amount of adrenaline causing irritation, anxiety, arousal, and difficulty concentrating. Sugar is not only present in sweets, but also in frizzy juices and some types of yogurts. One well known disease of children and adults are tooth decay and gum inflation caused by habitual intake of sweets and frizzy juices. Nuts are foods at higher risk of causing allergies and should be only introduced to children after age of 5. The probability of a potentially allergic reaction increases with the presence of allergic parents and with early or late introduction of a new food. It is also important, the amount and the frequency with which the food will be offered to children. Eggs are also an allergenic food and it should be given only on babies by the age of 6 months and never before. When cooking eggs, they must be firstly thoroughly washed and cooked well to reduce the risk of salmonella infection. The symptoms of salmonella infection may vary of intensity but in general are strong diarrhoea, vomiting, nausea, high fever. The treatment is drink fluids to avoid dehydration and in sometimes antibiotic medicines. It is not recommended introduce more than one new food at a time, because if an allergic reaction occurs the possible cause will be difficult to identify. It should be introduced in small quantities and observe the following 48 hours if they have any allergic reaction. Everybody knows that fish is very good for babies and adults because they have plenty of protein. But we need to have extra care when giving to babies swordfish, shark and marlin, because they contain high levels of mercury which can be prejudicial to the development of the baby nervous system. Shellfish can trigger serious allergies and food poisoning, therefore should not be eaten by children until they are older. The ingress of a child is a period of flexible transition between leaving their comfort zone and the entrance to a Child Care Setting. In this period, children and family experience a series of feelings, such as fears, hopes, expectations, etc. Apart from the adaption required in this new environment, children need to adapt to other factors like feeding and various types of stimulation and also any health problems they might have, like food allergies or food intolerances. Child cares must have special attention and promote a safe environment to these demands recording a daily routine. Family need to be present at all the times participating together with children, and child cares to the resolution of any problems or concerns that may emerge, even when cooking the meals and snacks to children with special dietary requirements. Trust, respect, affection, understand, partnership between the family, the child care and the Child Care Setting are extremely important for the safety of a Child. The difference between food allergy and food intolerance is the kind of response the body gives you when it is in contact with the food. There is an immediate immune response and intolerance cannot digest or metabolize the food. The most typical food allergies in children are cow’s milk, nuts, strawberries, fish, shellfish, egg, etc. The food fights the ingested food as if it was an offending agent, and immediately responds in an exaggerated way, and even in contact with small amounts of food it can emerge symptoms like spots on the skin, cough, nasal or eye irritation, swelling or asthma larynx. Some food intolerance in children is lactose, wheat and gluten, soya, etc. In food intolerance the body lacks an ability to digest food causing the accumulation inside the body. The undigested substance can cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, gas, diarrhoea or constipation, nausea or vomiting. But both treatments consist of removing the food and all the recipes, which are prepared with the foods that cause the symptoms. When preparing the menus in a Child Care Setting, we should be aware of being a balanced and varied menu, rich in nutrients, proteins and vitamins respecting the socio-cultural context of children and their religion (Judaism, Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism, Rastafarianism, Seventh Day Adventist, Jainism), respecting parents believes. Menus should be diverse and be in accordance with the development of children intended; respect individuals preferences of each child; in situations of need have special diets, and parents should be informed about the menus and changes on it. Always read the food composition on labels, avoiding inadvertent consumption the substance in question. Be aware of the utilization of certain utensils that may have come into contact with the allergen (e.g.: cheese knife should not be used to cut ham or the other way around), find out the ingredients with which the meal was done and has been prepared in the Child Care Setting or in a catering service. And that is why is so important to involve all workers in a Child Care Setting, child carers, kitchen staff, cleaners and discuss what is the best for the safety of the child and in case of allergic reactions have an Epi-pen if is the case, normally prescribed to the child by their doctor, and other medications prescribed to the child in case an emergency occur. Keeping these records up to date and documented accurately is crucial in a way to familiarise parents or guardians about the daily routine activities and the specific dietary of the child requirements given by them are being followed. Example: Child Record Form for a Child with a specific dietary requirement Childminder’s name: ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­ Start date: Child’s name Religion: Age: Address: Parent/ Guardian: Mobile: Work ph. no: Emergency contact information: Medical details Child’s doctor name: Telephone: Record of immunization attached: List of food allergies: Emergency plan needed in case of an allergic food occur: Food intolerances: Emergency plan needed in case of food intolerance occurs: Specific dietary require? Details: Consequence of the dietary requirement not being followed: Necessary medications and times: Parents/Guardian: Child Care Provider Signature: Few Childhood chronic diseases, among others are asthma, diabetes, cystic fibrosis and cerebral palsy. Asthma is a respiratory chronic disease in childhood, where the most common symptoms are breathiness, cough, tightness and wheezing in the chest. It can affect children differently, they can have from mild symptoms to strong attacks that require care in hospital to get the disease under control and consequently failure to school and poor school performance, impaired sleep, interference in the relationship with siblings and friends, etc. The treatment for asthma is the inhaler and steroid medication. Diabetes: there are two types, diabetes type 1 is more common in children and can occur in the first week of birth to 30 years of age. It is related to the lack or low insulin production, unable to control the rate of ingested glucose and it is controlled with insulin injections. The type 2 is hereditary and it happens when the cells resist to insulin action, even if its production is normal, and we can control through diet and medication. Cystic Fibrosis is caused by an inoperative gene, which causes the body to produce odd thick and sticky mucus. The mucus builds up in the breathing passages of the lungs and in the pancreas, an organ that helps to break down and absorb food, and the result can be lung infection that are life-threatening and serious digestive problems. The treatments are tablets, diet, exercise and physiotherapy to eliminate the mucus from the lungs. Cerebral Palsy is a brain injury, induced by the lack of oxygenation in the brain and it can develop during pregnancy, childbirth or during childhood. It is a disorder that involves the brain and the functions of the nervous system, such as movement, hearing, learning, seeing and thinking forever. Children with chronic diseases might share similar experiences despite differences in symptoms and severity; they tend to be pain and discomfort, insufficient growth and development, frequent trips to doctors and hospitals, daily care and sometimes with painful treatments, or medical care, and fewer opportunities to play with other children. It can frustrate the dreams the parents had for their child, the increased spending of the treatment to do, a complex system of care, the loss of opportunities (e.g. when a parent cannot return to work), social isolation, the parent’s distress trying to deal and live with a child with chronic disease can interfere with the bond between parents and between the child and his family. Parents might feel distress to learn that the child as an abnormality, they might also feel a great impact of sadness, depression, guilty, anxiety, etc and these feelings can occur at any time during the development of the child and each parent can react differently, which can cause inconsistencies disciplinary and behavioural problems. A parent working, where cannot support the other in the visits to the doctor or hospital. Parents should be completely familiar with the illness of their child. The collaboration between physicians, social workers, chid cares and others can be very beneficial for the child, parents and their family. There are groups that can help them to find a family that has already faced a similar problem and who is willing to talk to new parents and offers them their support. If necessary the family can seek from financial and physical support. Reference List http://www.cwt.org.uk/pdfs/Under5s.pdf http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/food-allergies-in-children.aspx#close http://www.nhs.uk/Change4Life/Pages/healthy-eating-tips.aspx http://www.thpc.scot.nhs.uk/wordfiles/under5s.pdf http://www.buildhealthykids.com/servingsizes.html http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/food-guide-pyramid-servings-kids-3742.html http://kidshealth.org/parent/growth/feeding/fat.html http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/solid-foods-weaning.aspx#close http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/understanding-food-groups.aspx#close http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/food-guide-pyramid-servings-kids-3742.html http://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/feeding_infants.pdf http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/botulism.html http://www.nhs.uk/chq/Pages/824.aspx?CategoryID=51 http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/pregnancy-and-baby/pages/foods-to-avoid-baby.aspx#close http://kidshealth.org/parent/infections/bacterial_viral/salmonellosis.html http://www.eatwellscotland.org/healthydiet/nutritionessentials/fishandshellfish/index.html http://americanpregnancy.org/pregnancy-health/mercury-levels-in-fish/ http://www.acaai.org/allergist/allergies/Types/food-allergies/types/Pages/shellfish-allergy.aspx http://www.babycenter.com/0_foods-that-can-be-unsafe-for-your-child_1491465.bc http://www.livestrong.com/article/70146-foods-avoid-babys-first-year/ http://dhss.delaware.gov/dph/chca/files/childcaremanual.pdf http://www.cde.ca.gov/sp/cd/re/documents/elguidelineshome.pdf http://www.ct.gov/dph/lib/dph/daycare/CDC_ChildHlthAssessRcd.pdf http://www.allergyuk.org/childcarers-and-teachers/allergy-protocols http://www.state.nj.us/health/forms/ch-14.pdf http://www.ucsfchildcarehealth.org/pdfs/healthandsafety/recorden081803_adr.pdf http://ncchildcare.nc.gov/pdf_forms/center_chp6.pdf http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/ http://www.med.umich.edu/yourchild/topics/chronic.htm http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=185394 http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/En/ResourceCentres/Asthma/Pages/default.aspx?gclid=CMCR-7iFncECFUPLtAodjTgA0w74 http://www.rnib.org.uk/eye-health-eye-conditions-z-eye-conditions/understanding-eye-conditions-related-diabetes?gclid=COCsi8emn8ECFSbmwgodszoAcg http://www.diabetes.org.uk/information-for-parents/ http://www.aboutkidshealth.ca/en/resourcecentres/diabetes/aboutdiabetes/SignsandSymptomsofDiabetes/Pages/default.aspx http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/cf/ http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Cystic-fibrosis/Pages/Introduction.aspx http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/cerebral-palsy/pages/introduction.aspx 1

Uses of Marijuana :: Free Essays Online

Hemp is a very useful plant. The reason why it is illegal today seems an easy question to answer, right? Because of the effects that it causes on the brain and body. Right? Wrong! The reasons why hemp was made illegal were reasons that the public were never exposed to. Before 1883 about seventy-five to ninety percent of the world's paper was manufactured from hemp bast fiber. The United States Department of Agriculture first proposed making paper from hemp pulp in the early 1930's. Although production had to wait until someone invented a machine that would separate the hemp pulp from the fiber cheaply. Meanwhile, Dupont Chemicals, Hearst Paper and Timber, and several other companies had developed a new way to make whiter paper out of trees. Just when they got all their patents and business going in 1936, someone invented the hemp 'decorticating' machine. This threatened to put all the tree companies out of business, because of the fact that hemp paper is cheaper to make. A huge sum o f capital was tied up in making tree pulp paper and shipping it for sale. Most of the tree-paper companies were very powerful and had many connections with the government. So in 1937, they launched a country-wide campaign to put a prohibitive tax on hemp. This was the first 'Reefer Madness Movement' and when we began to call cannabis-"Marijuana". At that time no one knew that marijuana was really cannabis hemp. The only knowledge about hemp that the public knew had been obtained from the many fabricated stories. All the public knew was that it was "the killer weed with roots in hell", because of the supposedly harmful effects that it had on the human body and mind, which by the way have all been reaserched again in depth and the previous conclusions of the effects of marijuana on the human body and mind, have all been disproven. Because of this most American's did not know where their clothes used to come from because synthetic fabrics had just becom popular. The first Levi's blue j eans were made from the hemp plant. I will including the following information in my paper; the many useful uses of hemp as a perspective product for the future, products such as; fiber, rope and twine, canvas, cloth and cotton, how it can replace our dependence on our forests for our paper products, and finally how easily it can be cultivated.

Francis Bacon :: science

Francis Bacon Francis Bacon was the founder of the modern scientific method. The focus on the new scientific method is on orderly experimentation. For Bacon, experiments that produce results are important. Bacon pointed out the need for clear and accurate thinking, showing that any mastery of the world in which man lives was dependent upon careful understanding. This understanding is based solely yyon the facts of this world and not as the ancients held it in ancient philosophy. This new modern science provides the foundation for modern political science. Bacon's political science completely separated religion and philosophy. For Bacon, nothing exists in the universe except individual bodies. Although he did not offer a complete theory of the nature of the universe, he pointed the way that science, as a new civil religion, might take in developing such a theory. Bacon divided theology into the natural and the revealed. Natural theology is the knowledge of God which we can get from the study of nature and the creatures of God. Convincing proof is given of the existance of God but nothing more. Anything else must come from revealed theology. SCience and philosophy have felt the need to justify themselves to laymen. The belieft that nature is something to be vexed and tortured to the compliance of man will not satisfy man nor laymen. Natural science finds its proper method when the 'scientist' puts Nature to the question, tortures her by experiment and wrings from her answers to his questions. The House of Solomon is directly related to these thoughts. "It is dedicated to the study of Works and the Creatures of God" (Bacon, 436). Wonder at religious questions was natural, but, permitted free reign, would destroy science by absorbing the minds and concerns of men. The singular advantage of Christianity is its irrationality. The divine soul was a matter for religion to handle. The irrational soul was open to study and understanding by man using the methods of science. The society of the NEW ATLANTIS is a scientific society. It is dominated by scientists and guided by science. Science conquers chance and determines change thus creating a regime permanently pleasant. Bensalem, meaning "perfect son" in Hebrew, has shunned the misfortunes of time, vice and decay. Bensalem seems to combine the blessedness of jerusalem and the pleasures and conveniences of Babylon. In Bacon's NEW ATLANTIS, the need for man to be driven does not exist.