The Great Gatsby Essay Thesis Example For Students

The Great Gatsby Essay Thesis Jay Gatsby, the central character of F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby symbolizes the American dream. The American dream offers faith in the possibility of a better life. Its attendant illusion is the belief that material wealth alone can bring that dream to fruition. Through Gatsby, Fitzgerald brings together both these ideas. Jay Gatsby thinks money is the answer to anything he encounters. He has the best of everything. The fanciest car, the largest house, and the finest clothes. Jay has everything except the object he most desires, Daisy. Gatsby believes he can win Daisy over with wealth, that he could achieve the ideal she stood for through his material possessions. We will write a custom essay on The Great Gatsby Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now One look at Gatsbys past and it could be seen that he was destined to get ahead in life. Mr. Gatz told Nick, Jimmy was bound to get ahead. He always had some resolves like this or something. Do you notice what hes got about improving his mind? He was always great for that. He told me I et like a hog once and I beat him for it; (182). Gatsbys determination to gain a large bankroll is a huge part of the American dream. He believes that once he achieved his financial goal it would lead to a better life. In America the car is one of the greatest status symbols. Gatsbys gorgeous machine is one of the most majestic cars created. Nicks comments on the vehicle describe its luster, and there in its monstrous length with triumphant hatboxes and supper-boxes and tool-boxesSitting down behind many layers of glass in a sort of leather conservatory we started towards town; (68). The use of the symbolic automobile can be seen as a demonstration of how an ideal based on materialism alone can be destructive. This was the fatal car which kills Myrtle Wilson and indirectly leads to Gatsbys death. Appearance is another important factor toward Gatsbys dream. In his quest to win Daisys heart Gatsby chooses to wear his best outfit. the front door opened nervously and Gatsby in a white flannel suit, silver shirt and gold colored tie hurried in; (89). Silver and gold are the colors of wealth, Gatsbys sartorial splendor is as lavish as any of the other items he owns. Gatsbys shirts are more then just garments towards Gatsby. They are some of the many fascinating objects he possesses that were created by money. These shirts contribute towards Gatsbys vision of the American dream, that his money and belongings will create happiness for him. Another major object of Gatsbys dream was his incredible house. Jay states to Nick and Daisy, My house looks well, doesnt it? See how the whole front of it catches the light; (95). Jay gave Nick and Daisy the grand tour of his house showing of all of his worldly possessions. Room after room, everything was shown and mentioned. At the sight of his piles and piles of shirts Daisy broke down. Theyre such beautiful shirts, it makes me sad because Ive never seen suchsuch beautiful shirts before; (98). Jay Gatsbys ideals were parallel to the typical American dream. He wants to claim his objective by the use of his assets. He thinks that his money will give him happiness in life through love and his personal belongings. Even the richest man in the world cant have everything. Material wealth could provide many things for Jay Gatsby but not the thing he most desired. Although his wealth drew Daisy closer to him, he never truly could have possessed her heart. He demanded Daisy to state that she had never loved Tom Buchanan. Oh, you want too much!; she cried to Gatsby, I love you nowisnt that enough? I cant help whats past. I did love him oncebut I loved you too.; (139-140). Jays true love still remained with her uncaring husband, Tom. Jay Gatsbys dream was smashed when he found out that even all of his assets werent enough to woo Daisy to him. .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788 , .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788 .postImageUrl , .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788 , .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788:hover , .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788:visited , .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788:active { border:0!important; } .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788:active , .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788 .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4ffdaf0c08988f3776aec013a17ed788:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Animal Farm Essay PropagandaJay Gatsbys belief in the American dream keep him from realizing reality. He believes that if he worked hard enough and made enough money that he could have anything. He wants to perceive the world as a place where sufficient wealth would enable him to recapture and recreate the past he desired with Daisy. Gatsby began planning for his dream when he was young. This can be seen from his journal he wrote as a young man which was discovered by Mr. Gatz. His attempt to accomplish his dream with cars and shirts could not have been successful. The American dream cannot be accomplished, money is just one factor towards happiness in this world. The Great Gatsby Essay Thesis Example For Students The Great Gatsby Essay Thesis The Great Gatsby paints the picture of the way life was in the twenties. Thissociety has the characteristics of an egotist and one who pays no attention thecharacter of themselves. Fitzgeralds style influences the reader to portraythis era as a carefree do what feels good society. However,Fitzgerald introduces the countless number of tragedies that take place. Throughdiction, imagery, and details Fitzgerald creates a morose tone. The writerevokes the readers feelings through particular words and their meanings. In thephrase, . . . I began to look involuntarily out the window for othercars, the word involuntarily grabs the reader. This phrase makes thereader feel melancholy for Gatsby because it its depressing for no one to cometo the funeral. It reveals how Nick and Mr. Gatz experience anticipation. Bothof them know devoutly that no one will come pay their respects to Jay Gatsby. We will write a custom essay on The Great Gatsby Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Mainly because they wait half an hour for people to show up. Also, in the phrase. . . his eyes began to blink anxiously the word anxiously showsNicks dolefulness for the lack of sympathy that Gatsby fails to receive. Theword procession reflects the despair and lack of friendship that Gatsbywitnesses in his life. The lack of companionship that Gatsby has cogitates howlonely and despondent he is. Through the uses of certain words the author helpsexpress feelings and emotions of the morose tone. Through imagery Fitzgerald canmake the reader feel like they are in the story. Water, specifically evokes thesenses. It describes how the procession of cars stopped in a thick drizzle. Thisdepicts how gloomy it appears outside. The reader can hardly see the three carsbecause of continuous soaking. They describe a motor hearse as . .. horribly black and wet. A hearse normally portrays a solemn feeling, butthe words horribly, black, and wet allow the reader to feel the misery andmournfulness of death. The ground is soggy as someone splashes through it. Youcan smell the wet turf and feel the saturation beneath the feet. The use ofwater in the story aids the reader in understanding the morose setting. Fitzgerald uses certain detailed sequences to help explain the somberness of JayGatsby. In the first significant sequence Nick and Mr. Gatz wait for people toshow up at the funeral. This shows the lack of friends and well-wishers that arein Gatsbys life. The reader feels cheerless for Gatsby due to the lack offulfillment he has in his life. Next, after a half hour the procession of threecars finally reaches the cemetery. This pathetic scene shows the products ofGatsbys arrogant and cocky lifestyle. Because of his personality, very few cometo pay their respects. This is a very lugubrious situation. Finally, the scenein which the unidentified man comes to pay his respects helps the reader viewGatsby through a different perspective. Though Gatsby was not well liked, thislone stranger looked past the arrogant ways and saw an intellectual man. However, it its still poignant how no one comes to the funeral. Thesesignificant sequences give the reader better understanding of the morose toneand the emotional state of Jay Gatsby. Due to the way Fitzgerald portrays thepassage in slow motion to make the reader feel each emotion and see each imagein such vivid detail, its as if the reader is seeing it take place. Throughdiction, imagery, and details Fitzgerald produces a morose tone. The Great Gatsby Essay Thesis Example For Students The Great Gatsby Essay Thesis Man dreams of living the life of the elite social class and of the power and admiration inherent within. F. Scott Fitzgerald comes to terms with this American dream in The Great Gatsby, a novel about social life in the 1920s. The social hierarchy of the times plays a very important role in this novel. Here Fitzgerald illustrates three specific social classes: old money, new money, and lower class, with old money and new money taking center stage. Gatsby himself personifies new money; he made himself into a rich man through shady dealings. Tom Buchanan, on the other hand, represents old money. He received everything he has on a silver platter. He earned nothing but his inheritance. At the time, it was extremely desirable to be old money, because people looked at new money as vulgar and uncivilized. By illustrating social-economic class differences, Fitzgerald depicts the illusion of the corrupted American dream. We will write a custom essay on The Great Gatsby Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Old money, living in the guise of the American dream, denies the entrance of new money and the lower class into their social hierarchy. In the novel, Tom has a mistress who lives in the valley of ashes, where most of the lower class citizens reside. Tom has been seeing her for years even though he married Daisy. No one objects to this because of his old money status. On page 19, Jordan Baker informs Nick of this scandal, Why- Toms got some woman in New York. Jordan also informs Nick of the commonality and wide acceptance of this fact. Toms mistress, Myrtle, despite her status as a lower class citizen, tries to pressure him into leaving Daisy. Tom refuses because marrying into a lower social class would develop into even more of a scandal than having a mistress. This corrupted American dream prevents Tom from openly allowing Myrtle into his life. Old moneys highly discriminating nature allows its members to attain superiority, while this self-serving superiority further enhances their American dream. The attempts of new money to imitate old money remain futile. For example, although Daisy truly loves Gatsby, he represents new money. Despite his attempts to become old money, the old rich have never embraced him. Daisy cannot be with him because he is not and never will be of her class. Gatsby even offers to take the blame for a murder she committed, yet she will nott even leave her husband for him. Was Daisy driving? Yes, he said after a moment. but of course Ill say I was. (p. 151). Daisy allows Gatsby to take the blame for her without showing either remorse or gratitude. In this way, Fitzgerald shows that although old money people count themselves rich monetarily, they show a lack of morality and accountability. Daisys carelessness and irresponsibility cause her to need others to clean up after her without caring who takes the fall. Old moneys arrogance and haughtiness make their misguided American dream more of an American nightmare. The elite created the American dream in order to make themselves and others think they are superior. They are not, in fact, above all others, but have created the illusion of this corrupted dream. To be of old money opens all doors, allowing you to do anything you want to anyone you want, to act without conscience, and to let others take responsibility for your actions. This portrays their perverted picture of the way life should be. This illusion of the American dream can only harm its believers and all those who aspire to attain it. Bibliography:The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald

We Can All Understand Each Other Professor Ramos Blog

We Can All Understand Each Other My parents love to travel and my family will often go on vacations during school breaks. These vacations often involve countries in which English is not the first language, and can lead us to encounter language barriers and cultural differences. My Mom speaks a little Spanish and my dad has always claimed to speak French, as he grew up in Canada and took it in school, this is important, because when I was in middle school, we went on a big vacation to Tahiti.   Where, if you didn’t know, they mostly speak French.   My Dad was happy to be able to put his French to work.   And we were all ready to have him help navigate us through the various airports, markets and activities that we were going to do.   For me, the worst part of any trip is getting there. I do not like to fly and I especially do not like to fly over water, adding to that you have to get to the airport, which takes an hour and a half on a good day, then there are the long security lines at LAX, all the screenings, making sure you don’t have the long list of banned objects on your person or in your bag. Then you wait to board, then you wait to take off, then you sit and wait on the plane for hours on end. Did I mention I don’t like to fly? On this particular trip, because we were going to a French speaking country, on a French airline, they began all the take off instructions and warnings in French and talked for what felt like two minutes. Then they switched to English and literally just said â€Å"we are going to take off now†. My mom and I just looked at each other, shrugged and laughed. We decided to just go with it because we were about to spend three weeks surrounded by people we couldn’t understand, so why not start before we even left the ground. We saw our first real difference upon arrival in Papeete, which is the main airport for Tahiti. The runway led right out into the ocean and looked like we would just fly into the sea if we didn’t quite make it. The terminal was so small, that they used a little tractor like we use in our gardens at home to bring the bags in from the plane, and the actual airport consisted of a little straw covered hut, and a fold out table for luggage. Since we had planned to stay in a hotel near the airport because we had gotten in late, my mom started looking around for signs for shuttle busses. She soon realized that we would not need a bus, as the hotel was directly across the street from the â€Å"airport† and we just got our bags and walked there, unlike at home there was no long lines, no traffic, just a flight of stairs up to our hotel. Our plan for the trip was to visit multiple islands and stay a few days at each. Some of the islands can be reached by boat, but others we did fly into on very small planes from very small airports, some little more than what seemed like grass huts. One particular difference in the security I will never forget. In America we have â€Å"no weapons†, â€Å"no gas canisters†, â€Å"no knives† etc., on the signs. Well, in the airport on Raiatea, the sign said â€Å"no cakes†. Yes, â€Å"no cakes†, with a picture of a little pink birthday cake on it. I took a photo of it at the time, however I later jumped into the ocean with my phone in my pocket and lost that photo. We thought at the time that because people flew between islands so much maybe they took cakes for birthdays and there had been some mishaps, but mostly I just look back on it and I get a few laughs from it. I didn’t entirely understand everything that happened on these islands, yet you didn’t really need to. My mom can attest to this. We had planned a day on a little boat to just snorkel and be on the water. So, we went into town to get some baguettes and cheese for some sandwiches to eat on the boat. My dad parked near the dock, since it was really the only parking lot in the tiny little town, and we walked into town for some food. We’d left the car for about half an hour and were walking back when we noticed this gigantic cruise ship, it completely dwarfed all the little huts around it, and was parked right in front of the dock. A line of 10 big tour busses had also decided to park there to wait for the tourists unloading to take them around the island. However, they had completely blocked in our car, there was nowhere for us to go. We turned to my dad and were like why dont you use all your French to get them to move. But he didnt quite know how to do anything about it. My mom however knew exactly how to fix the situation and decided to go talk to them. At this point you should know that she knows absolutely no French and no idea how to communicate with the bus drivers. But she decides to give it a try, she walks over as we all sit in the car, we could just see my short mother and her bright blond hair standing next to these huge Polynesian men trying to point and gesture and their busses. Neither her nor them could understand a word of what each other were saying, yet she still managed to communicate that she needed them to move. And surprisingly it worked. When we stay in our community and never venture beyond our comfort zones, we can forget that the rest of the world is a very different place than our little corner of it. People with different values, cultures, religions and languages are living happy fulfilled lives, just like me. They are just doing it in a different way. I enjoy seeing the differences in how people live their lives, and I can also appreciate that we can all still get along and make ourselves understood. The simple act of being friendly and open with strangers can go a long way to help communication and foster a good experience with others around the globe that we may one day encounter.

English Language Learner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English Language Learner - Essay Example In addition, ELL students tend to be nervous and anxious about interacting and addressing these issues to their teachers. In some cultures for instance, it is considered a taboo for a male, Middle-Eastern student to ask for help since it is considered to be â€Å"unmanly.† Issues such as these are prevalent in all cultures. The fear of participation and interaction with mainstream students for international students is even harder when interacting with NES. International students are intimidated as the possibility of mispronouncing or misinterpreting a certain words can be extremely humiliating. Undoubtedly, ESL students feel constrained to communicate effectively in a social environment due to their accents. All these factors accumulate to create a barrier towards developing interpersonal relationships. 2. What are the socio-cultural characteristics of young English Language Learners? What are the educational backgrounds of the families whose home language is other than Engli sh? Gather information about demographics in your state, and discuss how this can impact your work as a teacher.   Young English language learners are hardworking, determined and enthusiastic about learning the English language. Most students that are international students are middle-class and are highly educated. ... For instance, researchers suggest that developing critical skills for international students stem from analyzing magazine and radio advertisements. With this creative approach, students tend to modify their attention between subject matter and language data. 3. How do young ELL children acquire a second language? What is your current ability in supporting acquisition of second language for young ELL children?   Based on careful analysis, everyday conversational skills such as writing, reading and collaboration can truly solidify the foundation of the student’s cognitive and linguistic skills. In the process of learning an additional language, ESL students must keep up with the daily strains that are placed in their program of studies. Furthermore, ESL students must learn to excel in time management skills. Indisputably, each student has a unique set of literacy development needs. Most ESL students have a strict schedule and must be accommodated with personalized program of a ctivities that is managed by the staff itself. Lastly, the implementation of workshops with groups can tremendously enhance the process of acquiring a second language. As of now, we conduct workshops and conduct role playing, in which students are always engaged in a learning environment. 4. Describe how young ELL children’s cultural communication styles and learning styles affect the learning process. Refer to your observation of a young ELL child, during your Family Workshop. How did the family / teacher respond to the child in context of his/her communication style and learning style?   Without a doubt, different cultures possess different

Mind and Body Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Mind and Body - Essay Example Optimistic mind seems to create a successful physical presence or cure it off its illnesses. Similarly, there are a number of cases when the presence of a strong body influences the mind and it continues to exist healthily. The interaction between the mind and the body has been suggested to be supportive in nature.   The earliest of the theories was on Dualism, the separate existence of mind and body. The physical differentiation of the mind and the body was easily achievable. As Descartes points out (Wozniak, Robert H. 1995), by cutting of a part of the body, say a leg, the body is affected but there is no change in the way the mind works. This makes them isolated and hence, the mind and the body exist as separate entities. This theory of dualism was strengthened during the days of Descartes and in the 17th century when it branched out into material or substance dualism and property dualism. Cardemoy and, later, Malebranche furthered Cartesian dualism (Wozniak, Robert H. 1995). Ev ery thing physical according to them is extendable in the physical world. One can see what the other person is holding if it is physical. In case of the mind, what is owned by the other person is not known; so also the person's own mind. It is not known fully even to the person who has it. However, in the case of Cartesian dualism, it is taken that the mind does not occupy any space whereas the physical body would occupy space (Churchland, Paul M. 1988). Since it does not occupy space, one cannot realize what the other person holds. And the mind continues to be a mystery. In the case of popular dualism, the mind would interact with the physical world but what it is made of and what it is will continue to be a mystery. Property dualism on the other hand, visualizes the mind to be a byproduct of the physical world and a part of the evolutionary mechanism. Epiphenomenalism, proposed by Skinner (1971), looks at the mind as a part of the evolutionary development of the human being. He al so proposed that mind will not be able to cause any physical change by itself. Whereas the other proponents of the property dualism argue that the mind can cause physical effect. This is reflected in a number of phenomenon of psychomotor effects to prove the point. While in the later eighteenth century and early nineteenth centuries, the Monism was proposed and discussed. While Monism essentially falls under two main categories, there are a number of sub-categories within them. Materialism viewed the entire world as a material object. This included the mind and the body as well. They both worked in sync with one another and one evolved from the other as a process. Whereas in the case of idealism, everything is controlled by the mental behavior of the people! Reality is made up of the spiritual forces and these forces are the ones that will push every action in the material world. Mind control physical power and mind can move it without the help of the physical power. In the nineteen th century, the epiphenomenon was proposed by Hodgson (1870) to further the idea that the mind and the body are inseparable; the mind cannot have a physical significance.  

Theatre art research project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Theatre art research project - Essay Example A movie review on the film was written by Bosley Crowther entitled â€Å"The African Queen (1951)† and published online in The New York Times. This review is to be compared with one which was written by Roger Ebert entitled â€Å"African Queen Still Reigns† and published in the Chicago Sun-Times. First of all, the time frame for the reviews were significantly different: Crowther apparently writing the review a day after the movie had been shown; while Ebert’s review was written in 1968, 16 years after its first showing. The results of the reviews were likewise understandably antithetical. While Crowther openly criticized the film with adjectives such as: incongruous, well-designed spoof, absurd, preposterous, anomalous, socially-bizarre, and even droll, among others; Ebert had contended that the movie was actually â€Å"an almost perfect illustration of how much a really good movie can please. Things happen on the screen that makes you happy. You get involved† (Ebert par. 8). He must have gathered previous reviews on the film since it was first shown and the time element could have afforded him with the opportunity to balance criticisms and comments from diverse sources. Secondly, the perspectives and points of views assumed to be taken by these film critics could rationalize the disparity in their perceptions. Crowther could have detached himself too much and seemed to follow a checklist for all the elements that allegedly fall out of line. On the other hand, Ebert assumed the stance of an audience, a traditional movie-goer, who immersed himself with the unified effect of the elements of the film and wrote the review after synthesizing and balancing its overall appeal to the audience. Despite the disparities, these movie critics shared similarities in terms of indicating the apparent appeal and popularity that could have been generated by the

Analysis of Attack Tree Methodology

Analysis of Attack Tree Methodology Information technology (IT) Security has become more and more important today when as e-commerce is becoming increasingly popular. People in developed countries like America and throughout European countries have been exposed to online trading for a long time; this trend is also taking off in developing countries in other parts of the world. Besides its importance toward business activities, IT security also plays a pivotal role in protecting individuals, organizations assets, which are actually parts of the business operations. Variety methods of securing business have been developed and implemented successfully. Attack Trees is one of those. Not only in Information Technology, Attack Trees is also applicable to security problems in a wide range of fields including: telecommunications, health care, finance, critical infrastructure, aerospace, intelligence and defense. To secure your business against impending risks, you first need to define all kinds of possible risks and pathways that those risks might be realized. Acknowledging risks and how they might happen, you will be able to develop measures to fight against or mitigate them. This is also what Attack Trees helps clarify. Attack Trees is a formal, convenient way to methodically categorize the different ways (how the risks happen) in which a system can be attacked[1] (risks). Attack trees are a graphical and mathematical construct used to Identify potential hostile activities that pose the greatest risk to the defender; Determine effective (and cost effective) strategies for reducing the defenders risk to an acceptable level; Describe the potential interactions between the adversary and the defender; Provide a communication mechanism for security analysts; Capture what is known (facts) and believed (assumptions) about the system and its adversaries, and store the information in a form that can subsequently be retrieved and understood by others[2] Attack tree models are graphical diagrams representing the choices and goals available to an attacker. They are represented in a tree structure, in which the root node of the tree is the global goal of an attacker and leaf nodes are different ways of achieving that goal. In an attack tree, children of the root node are refinements of the global goal, and leaf nodes represent attacks that can no longer be refined. A refinement can be conjunctive (AND) or disjunctive (OR). Figure 1 shows an example of an attack tree with the goal of the attacker is to obtain a free lunch[3]. The tree lists three possible ways to reach this goal. Lower levels in the tree explain how these sub-goals are refined. The arc connecting the children nodes expresses that this is a conjunctive (AND) refinement, which means that all sub-goals have to be fulfilled. Refinements without such a connecting arc are disjunctive (OR), expressing that satisfying one sub-goal suffices The strength of the attack tree methodology lies in the fact that its graphical, structured tree notation is easy to understand to practitioners, yet also promising for tool builders and theoreticians attempting to partially automate the threat analysis process. More and more research papers have been used attack trees in modeling security threat of information system. Over the last year, over 15,000 articles on GoogleÂÂ ® Scholar[4] have been used the attack tree technique in some way. The way this technique is used now is usually by assigning different kinds of values to the leaf nodes (for example, possible and impossible, expansive and inexpensive, cost to attack, probability of success of a given attack, etc.) then propagating node values up the tree following some rules. Based on that calculation, people can make some statements about attacks, for example, what is the cheapest low-risk attack or most likely non-intrusive attack[5]. In retrospect personal experiences, we notice that what we have done in the past and until now are closely related to what is presented in Attack Trees model, although back by that time, we were not exposed to concept of Attack Trees, but the approach is basically the same. It was when we worked on a project and had to define all possible risks/threats that might happen and how we can take mitigate actions against those risks. The only thing that we had not paid enough attention to, and was actually very important thing, was how all those risks might happen. Failing to do this costs us a lot later on when the risk did happen in a way that we had not thought of, so did not develop appropriate cause of actions and we were passively react to it. It was when we were developing an online testing system to help students prepare for entrance exam to universities[6]. We would have a strong team of excellent teachers from many famous schools build the test content; and have a team of people t o import those tests, including answers (multiple choice format), into the system. We conducted training for importing team. (Also, the importing work did take a lot of time so we could not talk all the teachers into it). Things went well until the day we actually launched the Beta version. We had volunteers, who were actual pupils, do the test; it was nothing better for them to take free tests and receive free feedbacks. But when it came to result announce and feedbacks were given to those pupils, everything was just totally wrong; many of student answers, which were actually correct, were marked incorrect and the must-be-correct answers given by the system were actually incorrect. Recalling that single day, it was a BIG shame on us, the team who worked on the project. We had a person head of quality control who would make sure that all the tests designed, including questions and answers, are without mistakes. We were very strict on that. We also had a head of training department w ho will make sure that our collaborators, who performed importing job, do their job carefully and without mistakes. Random test were taken before we launched the first version and things were all going very well. We developed risk monitoring blocks and figure 2 is shown as an example. For a risk that the test is invalidate, we clarified three possible reasons: design problem, importing problem and system problem. The reasons are then tracked further along blocks which are colored accordingly. So to prevent or mitigate the risk, we only need to make sure that our teacher quality is excellent, our training and importing job are done beautifully and our system will not malfunction. But we only did to the extent that, for example, as long as our collaborators work diligently and carefully, mistakes would largely be avoided. Later on, we found out the root of the problem was that one of our collaborator was person from our main competitor and he purposely destroyed our system by changing all correct answers just a night before the free testing event. This was the thing that we had never thought of. We did not think that we had problem right from the collaborators recruitment and that this might had been one of many possible ways that can invalidate our test bank. Until then did we know that what we called in general collaborators quality is not limited to the fact that whether they were capable of understanding and doing the job, but also including their working ethic. Consequently, we were left with everything beginning from scratch; all teachers work was carefully rechecked because we did not know right away what exactly caused the problem. Almost all the imported work was deleted and restarted. If we had been able to clarify this possibility, though small, we would have developed action appropriate enough to prevent it, such as lock the system and deny any access before we launched the first version, this would have saved us money and time and prestige as well. We finally were able to offer a running version but it surely had cost us much more resources.[7] From our personal experience, we see that Attack Trees model is a very useful tool to help organizations in threat detection and appropriate mitigating action development. The model will have important and positive impact on organization business operation in that it help name all possible risks and specific pathways that those risks might become real. From that, it helps determine effective and cost effective strategies to reduce risks to an acceptable level. Organizations should adopt Attack Trees model to secure themselves from any uncertainties that may happen. References Attack trees: Modeling security threats. Dr. Dobbs journal; Schneider (2005). Attack Trees Analysis, Terrance Ingoldsby on January 16, 2009 http://redteamjournal.com/2009/01/attack-tree-analysis/ Mauw, S., Oostdijk, M. (2005) Foundations of Attack Trees Information Security and Cryptology-ICISC 2005 Springer http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=enq=attack+trees+information+systemas_sdt=2000as_ylo=2009as_vis=0 Edge, K. (2007) The Use of Attack and Protection Trees to Analyze Security for an Online Banking System. HICSS 07: Proceedings of the 40th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. This is how universities in my country recruit prospective students, they do not base on applications but base on result of actual tests, which are held by the Ministry of Education annually for all participants Our initial project result to date http://hocmai.vn/

The Theme Of Isolation In Various Literature :: essays research papers fc

The Theme of Isolation in Various Literature In this essay all of the literature I have chosen will have to do with isolation. {1} When people have been isolated they don't see other people for a long time and this can lead to make a person stronger or make them weaker. In a live and death situation in can give them the extra will to live that you didn't have before. It can make him stronger and become his ally or it can beat him. When you are alone it makes you think about things that you never thought about before and make you work harder at the task at hand. "Never Cry Wolf" by Farley Mowat, is a plea for understanding and preservation of the wolf that is being harried into extinction by humanity. Mowat's philosophy is that it does not pose a threat to other wildlife and, in fact, is not a danger or a competitor of any consequence to humans. In 1973, the Canadian government's wildlife service assigned Farley Mowat to investigate the rumor that hoards of bloodthirsty wolves are slaughtering the arctic caribou. Mowat is dropped alone on the frozen tundra, where he begins his mission to live among the howling wolf packs and study their ways of life. He learned something of their language and how they conveyed "news" over great distances. He found out the meaning behind the Eskimo saying, "the wolf keeps the caribou strong." Mowat observed strong family ties among wolves and he finished his long assignment by having great compassion for them. And he concluded with the realization that the wolf in fact is very different from the wolf of a legend. When the book was published there was no more than 1200 wolves existing. Compare this to the 2000 the year before. I hope there is still time to prevent another human error against nature. "the elimination from this planet of a fellow creature which has at least an equal right to life" {2} I think people need to look at how we coincide with nature in the future. Only 1200 wolves in the whole north, at this rate our destiny surely spells disaster. Are there any circumstances under which people should be permitted to kill wolves? You could come up with a reason, just as there are circumstances when people should be permitted to kill other people. The point is that not many reasons are legitimate. If it is posing a threat to you alright, but don't eradicate the whole species because of one incidence. According to a article in the JuneJuly 1987 issue of "Outdoor Canada"

History of philosophy Essay

The study of philosophy may deal with every dimension of human life and can raise questions in any field of study or endeavor. Philosophy pursues questions rather than answers. Philosophy is not bound by any particular â€Å"truths† that set limits to the desire to continue asking questions. Philosophy changes historically both in respect to its content and its character. Definitions Etymologically, philosophy is derived from the Greek word philein or philia meaning â€Å"love† or â€Å"friendship† and sophia meaning â€Å"wisdom. † Hence, â€Å"love of wisdom. † The Chinese define philosophy as Zhe-Xue or Che Shueh (originally coined by Dr.Nishi Amane). Zhe means â€Å"wisdom† while Xue means â€Å"study. † Significantly, the Chinese character Zhe bears the emblem of mouth and hand which suggests the inseparability of words and action. This philosophy is the translation of words into action or the application of theory into praxis. Hence, for the Chinese, philosophy singles out a person to live on what he says. For the Hindus, philosophy is Darsana. Darsana means seeing, not only through the eyes but through the whole being of the one that sees. In other words, philosophy for the Hindus means seeing the whole reality through a total advertence and involvement of the looker. Philosophy refers to the field of study of the process which includes standards and guidelines for thought and for logic by which people develop concepts and principles which describe people, things and events, and techniques for using the concept and principles for the purpose of observing, analyzing, understanding, evaluating, organizing, and dealing with themselves and other people, things, and events who/which comprise reality (Kroepel, 2011) Philosophy refers to a human drive in the search of knowledge and wisdom to facilitate the evolution of man. Philosophy studies the fundamental nature of existence, of man, and of man’s relationship to existence. CONCEPT OF PHILOSOPHY In order to live, a man must act; in order to act, he must make choices; in order to make choices, he must define a code of values; in order to define a code of values, he must know what he is and where he is, he must know his own nature (including his means of knowledge) and the nature of the universe in which he acts. All of this things put together, is the very concept of PHILOSOPHY. Origin of Philosophy Western Philosophy began in Miletus ( accdg.to Reginald Ellen). The radix of the claim lies on Thales: the acclaimed first philosopher. Historically, western philosophy began in Greece. The word philosophy is even derived from the Greek language and means a love of wisdom. Ancient western philosophy had three main branches: ethics, logic, and physics. These three branches have now broken into even smaller sub-sections, covering everything from epistemology to aesthetics. Socrates was a large influence on western philosophy, but there was a pre-Socratic era that covered philosophical topics. Eastern philosophy has its roots in religion, specifically the Abrahamic religions (Islam, Judaism & Christianism). It is more concerned with asking questions about God and how the world relates to God. Abrahamic religions (also Abrahamism) are the monotheistic faiths of Middle Eastern origin, emphasizing and tracing their common origin to Abraham or recognizing a spiritual tradition identified with him. They are one of the major divisions in comparative religion, along with Indian religions (Dharmic) and East Asian religions (Taoist). Abraham was said to have lived during the Iron Age sometime after 2000 B. C. E. , in the city of Ur in Mesopotamia. The way eastern philosophers created theories on knowledge and religion has led people to practice the philosophies of certain philosophers without adopting all aspects of that branch. For example, some people may consider themselves believers in the Buddhist philosophy, but they never actually go and worship Buddha. The eastern philosophers historically believed that religion was a large part of the study of philosophy. Contemporary practices of eastern philosophy often remove the religious part. Islam impacted much of what we now consider eastern philosophy, meaning that most branches have a religious aspect. The most common branches of eastern philosophy include: Taoism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Maoism, Shinto, Confucius, and Legalism. Both regions can attribute a large amount of current philosophical thought to some form of religion. The eastern world chose to embrace religion as their main pursuit of knowledge, while the western world broke philosophy into a bunch of different branches. Branches of Philosophy Epistemology This refers to the branch of philosophy that is broadly defined as the study of knowledge. It answers the question, â€Å"how do we know? † It encompasses the nature of concepts, the construction of concepts, the validity of the senses, logical reasoning, as well as thoughts, ideas, memories, emotions and all things mental. It is concerned with how our minds are related to reality, and whether these relationships are valid or invalid. Aesthetics refers to the branch of philosophy that is broadly defined as the study of art. It answers the question, â€Å"what life can be like? † In philosophy, aesthetics is important because it delves into the reason why art has always existed to reflect and express the desire and need of mankind through the ages to see the world in a different and clear way. It further evaluates art by using the standards of human life, and if whether it accomplishes the job of satisfying man’s intellectual needs, or whether it tends to hurt or make worse of those needs. Metaphysics Literally means beyond physics, this refers to the branch of philosophy that is broadly defined as the study of existence. It answers the questions, â€Å"What is out there? † or â€Å"What is real? † As the foundation of philosophy, metaphysics is also regarded as the fundamental view of the world. It encompasses everything that exists, as well as the nature of existence itself. It determines whether the world is real, or merely an illusion. Ethics This refers to the branch of philosophy that is broadly defined as the study of action. It answers the question, â€Å"what should I do? † Ethics deals with the proper course of action for man. Specifically, it answers whether or not a human act is good or bad. At a more fundamental level, Ethics can also be defined as the method by which people categorize values and pursue them. Logic It is the branch of philosophy that is broadly defined as the study of reason. It answers the question, â€Å"what is correct reasoning? † Furthermore, logic attempts to distinguish a fact from fallacy. Politics It refers to the branch of philosophy that is broadly defined as the study of force. It answers the question, â€Å"what acts are permissible? † Under its philosophical perspective, politics is ethics applied to a group of people. Brief History of Philosophy. Pre-Socratic Philosophy Characterized by the rejection of the mythological explanation on the nature and phenomena in the universe. The thinkers under this time period were mainly concerned with the search for the â€Å"true essence of things† and made use of systematic and scientific approach in uncovering the realities in the universe. Pre-Socratic Philosophers Thales (c. 624 – 546 B. C. ) Greek philosopher who was regarded as the first philosopher in western tradition. He became known for positing that water is the single element that comprised all things in the universe. He also made famous the aphorism, â€Å"know thy self. † Anaximenes (c. 610 – 546 B. C. ) A student of Thales who postulated that air is the source of all things in the universe. His major contribution, however, was stating that nothing can be created from nothing. Matter, force, and energy are indestructible. These ideas later reappeared in physics in the laws of the conservation of matter and energy. Anaximander He explained the world as originating in conflicts between contraries, such as hot and cold and wet and dry. The cold partly dried up, leaving the Earth and its water. The hot turned some water into mist and air, while the remainder ascended to form fiery rings in the heavens. Holes in the rings are the sun, moon, and stars. CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHY Classical Philosophy was primarily characterized by the rise of the â€Å"Great Greek Triumvirate† – Socrates, Plato & Aristotle. Classical Philosophers Socrates (c. 469 – 399 B. C. ) A Greek philosopher who became known as one of the most prominent philosopher in Ethics. Unlike his contemporaries, Socrates was more concerned with how people should behave rather than how the world works. Plato (c. 428 – 348 B. C. ) A student of Socrates who become known for through his dialogues which contained the presentation of his ideologies and theories in a conversational form. Aristotle (c. 384 – 322 B. C. ) He was the student of Plato and became known as the first thinker to create a comprehensive system of philosophy, encompassing Ethics, Aesthetics, Politics, Metaphysics, Logic and Science. MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY Medieval Philosophy was the period predominantly composed of philosophers who were concerned with proving the existence of God and with reconciling Christianity/Islam with the classical philosophy of Greece particularly that of Aristotle . This period also saw the establishment of the first universities, which became an important factor in the subsequent development of philosophy. Medieval Philosophers Avicenna (980 – 1037) A Persian philosopher, physician and polymath during the Golden Age of Islam. As a philosopher and a devout Muslim, he tried to reconcile the rational Greek philosophy with Islamic theology. St. Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274) An Italian philosopher and theologian who became a great influence on subsequent Christian philosophies, particularly that of the Roman Catholic Church. EARLY MODERN PHILOSOPHY Early Modern Philosophy. The rise of Modern Philosophy can be attributed to certain historical and cultural changes that happened between the Age of Reason during the 17th century and the Age of Enlightenment during the 18th century. Among the changes during the said period were the advancement in science, the growth of religious tolerance and the rise of liberalism (promotion of liberty and equality). Early Modern Philosophers Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650) A French philosopher, mathematician, scientist and writer of the Age of Reason. He has been called the â€Å"Father of Modern Philosophy†, and much of a subsequent Western philosophy can be seen as a response for his writings. He is responsible for one of the best-known quotations in philosophy: â€Å"Cogito, ergo sum† or â€Å"I think, therefore I am† (Mastin 2008). Baruch Spinoza (1623 – 1677) a Dutch philosopher who was a contemporary of Descartes. Spinoza became famous for his belief that absolutely everything including human behaviour occurs through the operation of necessity, leaving absolutely no room for free will and spontaneity. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646 – 1716) A German philosopher, mathematician, scientist and polymath who postulated the concept of â€Å"monads† which refers to the ultimate element of the universe from which all things, including human beings and God himself are made of. Immanuel Kant (1724 – 1804) A German philosopher during the Age of Enlightenment. He is regarded as one of the most famous thinkers in modern philosophy. His contributions in all branches of philosophy are often described as being, â€Å"immeasurable†. Kant’s Copernican Revolution. One of the most popular Kantian theories which states that the â€Å"representation† of an object greatly helps the perceiver to perceive a certain object and not the object per se. To put it more accurately, tangible materials (such as the actual glass) are less important in perceiving the glass. What is important is how we experience the â€Å"glassness† of the glass through experience. Kant believed that the human mind can be compared to a tabula rasa (blank tablet). Examples: It is like a computer with no operating system. A computer with no â€Å"O. S. † should be installed with various programs to function properly. A new born baby should be exposed with positive experiences which may affect his lifestyle and manner on how he/she perceive things. MODERN PHILOSOPHY Modern Philosophy. The modern period of philosophy generally refers to the 19th and 20th centuries. The late 20th Century which is sometimes referred to as the contemporary period, became the venue of major development in philosophy characterized by the rise of new philosophical movements. Modern Philosophers Jeremy Bentham (1748 – 1832) An English philosopher, political radical and legal and social reformer of the early modern period. He became the founder of the Utilitarianism which refers to the principle that holds that the right action is that which would cause â€Å"the greatest happiness of the greatest number†. John Stuart Mill (1806 – 1873) An English philosopher and political scientist who was the protege of Bentham and conducted major improvements on the principles of Utilitarianism. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (pronounced NEE-cha) (1844 – 1900) A 19th Century German philosopher who was known for challenging the foundations of Christianity and traditional morality, famously uttering, â€Å"God is Dead†. EASTERN & WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES: AN OVERVIEW Western Philosophy Refers to the philosophical thinking in the Western or Occidental world, particularly in Europe. Historically, it refers to the philosophical thinking of Western civilization, beginning in ancient Greece. Western thought puts more emphasis on individualism, science, math, and politics – hence, rational and materialistic. It can be seen as the triumph of reason and empiricism over faith/religion – a search involving many questions. Eastern Philosophy. Refers broadly to the various philosophies in the Eastern or Oriental world, particularly Asia and some Arab countries. Historically, it is heavily influenced by Hinduism — the world’s oldest religion, beginning in India. Eastern thought puts more emphasis on interdependence (of human beings and nature), harmony, unity, and faith – hence, meditative and spiritual. It can be seen as the triumph of faith/religion over science and reason – an answer following realization. KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF EASTERN & WESTERN PHILOSOPHIES Western Philosophy. Is rational because most western thought focused on refining epistemology and logic. It emphasized that it is the individual using his/her rational ability to deduce the truth about the things around him/her, and this separates the individual as a subjective mind different from objective reality: Nature, God, the Universe. Eastern Philosophy In the East, philosophers have been more concerned with ordaining society in a harmonious manner, finding humanity’s proper place in society and nature, acting and thinking in a way that would promote unity and order in the universe. It does not have to rely on rationality and often tries to transcend individuality itself to reveal a person’s inherent sameness with the universe/nature. Reason is in fact seen as a stumbling block to truly understand reality. It focuses on how to live and tends to accept the way things are. Eastern thought is focused more on the mind and the spirit/soul, tending to offer a different level of internal experience (meditative) from which to draw conclusions. Thus, it would be hard to separate philosophy and religion.

Perl Array unshift() Function Tutorial

Perl Array unshift() Function Tutorial Perls unshift() function is used to add value or values onto the beginning of an array (prepend), which increases the number of elements. The new values then become the first elements in the array. It returns the new total number of elements in the array. Its easy to confuse this function with push(), which adds elements to the end of an array. Picture a row of numbered boxes, going from left to right. The unshift() function would add the new value or values on to the left side of the array, and increase the elements. In the examples, the value of myNames becomes (Larry, Curly, Moe). The array can also be thought of as a stack- picture a stack of numbered boxes, starting with 0 on the top and increasing as it goes down. The unshift() function would add the value to the top of the stack, and increase the overall size of the stack. You can unshift() multiple values onto the array directly: Or by unshift()-ing an array:

Free Essays on The Struggle Within Huckleberry Finn

The Struggle within Huckelberry Finn Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel about a boy’s struggle with his inner conscience in the Missouri of the 1800’s. Huckleberry Finn spends most of his time floating down the Mississippi River on a raft with a runaway slave named Jim. The novel illustrates Huck’s battle with his conscience over slavery, education, and society’s beliefs. Huck is a rebellious young boy who finds himself taking some responsibility and maturing throughout the novel. Although Mark Twain wrote Huckleberry Finn twenty years after the Civil War, America was still struggling with racism and the aftereffects of slavery; especially the South. Jim is a runaway slave and the companion of Huck Finn as they both travel down the river. According to the law, Jim is Miss Watson’s property, but according to Huck’s logic and fairness it seems â€Å"right† to help Jim. As Huck spends more time with Jim he stats seeing him as a friend instead of a slave or a fugitive on the run. An example of this is when Huck encounters a group of slave hunters and makes up a story in order to lure them away from Jim. But Jim remains at the mercy of every character in the novel, including Huck, as the letter that Huck nearly sent to Miss Watson shows the inner conflict that he is struggling with. Nonetheless Jim remains a loyal friend and he is actually the only adult who provides a positive example for Huck to follow. Huckleberry Finn has morally educated himself throughout the novel rather than intellectually. Most of the novel illustrates the maturation and development of Huck. He is a poor, uneducated orphan boy who does not trust the teachings that others try to install in him. When Huck meets Jim he starts to question the teachings he received especially regarding race and slavery. More than once Huck chooses to â€Å"go to hell† rather than following the rules and going along with what he has bee... Free Essays on The Struggle Within Huckleberry Finn Free Essays on The Struggle Within Huckleberry Finn The Struggle within Huckelberry Finn Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel about a boy’s struggle with his inner conscience in the Missouri of the 1800’s. Huckleberry Finn spends most of his time floating down the Mississippi River on a raft with a runaway slave named Jim. The novel illustrates Huck’s battle with his conscience over slavery, education, and society’s beliefs. Huck is a rebellious young boy who finds himself taking some responsibility and maturing throughout the novel. Although Mark Twain wrote Huckleberry Finn twenty years after the Civil War, America was still struggling with racism and the aftereffects of slavery; especially the South. Jim is a runaway slave and the companion of Huck Finn as they both travel down the river. According to the law, Jim is Miss Watson’s property, but according to Huck’s logic and fairness it seems â€Å"right† to help Jim. As Huck spends more time with Jim he stats seeing him as a friend instead of a slave or a fugitive on the run. An example of this is when Huck encounters a group of slave hunters and makes up a story in order to lure them away from Jim. But Jim remains at the mercy of every character in the novel, including Huck, as the letter that Huck nearly sent to Miss Watson shows the inner conflict that he is struggling with. Nonetheless Jim remains a loyal friend and he is actually the only adult who provides a positive example for Huck to follow. Huckleberry Finn has morally educated himself throughout the novel rather than intellectually. Most of the novel illustrates the maturation and development of Huck. He is a poor, uneducated orphan boy who does not trust the teachings that others try to install in him. When Huck meets Jim he starts to question the teachings he received especially regarding race and slavery. More than once Huck chooses to â€Å"go to hell† rather than following the rules and going along with what he has bee...

Managing Finance assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing Finance assignment 3 - Essay Example 2. Penetration pricing- Penetration Pricing: The strategy of setting a products price relatively low in order to generate a high sales volume. The strategy is commonly associated with pricing new products that do not have identifiable price-market segments. It is used to secure rapid penetration of a market. . This is the strategy use by many Chinese companies. It priced its products very much than its Western counterparts and it is making a head way for a quite number of computer products. 3. Profit Maximization - In economics, profit maximization is the process by which a firm determines the price and output level that returns the greatest profit.. Hence, based on the above concept. The strategy requires the price combinations that would yield the highest profit. Hence, a company can use this to have higher profits. Directly or indirectly this is used my many food business like Jollibee food chains. If one enters an outlet one would observe packaging their meals into different combinations of food items. Such strategy is profit maximization. 4. Competitor indexing. It is a price setting technique used by marketers. Generally, it involves using the price of competitors products in determining the price of your own products. Its main advantage is ease of use. Extensive marketing research and statistical analysis are not required 5. Target rate of return pricing- It is a pricing method used almost exclusively by market leaders or monopolists. You start with a rate of return objective, like 5% of invested capital, or 10% of sales revenue. Then you arrange your price structure so as to achieve these target rates of return.

History of Programming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

History of Programming - Essay Example The essay "History of Programming" talks about the history of programming and programming languages that took place in various periods along with examples of prominent computer languages used. Futurist Raymond Kurzweil aptly stated that â€Å"if the automobile industry had made as much progress [as computers and software] in the past fifty years, a car today would cost a hundredth of a cent and go faster than the speed of light". The idea of synthesizing available science and means to get work from machines was not a new one. For example, Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a mechanical loom to make it easier to create complex designs for textiles. However, machines which could be classified as computers and based on electronics started appearing in the late 1940s. The initial machines were large physical machines, usually as big as a room and weighing tons in weight. To program these machines, low-level machine language was used, which, by its nature, was specific to the machine. Fast forward to today, and one can use ebooks which are many orders of magnitude more powerful than the computers of earlier years and high-level languages can perform actions which could not be imagined 60 years ago. O’Reilly Media, a noted publisher of technology books, has created a visual map of programming languages as they evolved during the short and fast-paced history of computing since the 1950’s. This map has been useful in writing this paper as it provides a single snapshot and reference of developments in the area over the years.